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Comparison of recharge estimates at a small watershed in east-central Pennsylvania, USA

Comparaison des estimations de réalimentation dans un petit bassin versant du centre-est de la Pennsylvanie (Etats-Unis)

Comparación de la estimación de la recarga en una pequeña cuenca hidrográfica en el centro-este de Pensilvania, EEUU

Comparação da recarga estimada numa pequena bacia hidrográfica no centro-leste da Pensilvânia, E.U.A.

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Abstract

The common recommendation that recharge should be estimated from multiple methods is sound, but the inherent differences of the methods make it difficult to assess the accuracy of differing results. In this study, four methods for estimating groundwater recharge and two methods for estimating base flow (as a proxy for recharge) are compared at two hydrologic research sites in east-central Pennsylvania, USA. Results from the multiple methods all provided reasonable estimates of groundwater recharge that differed considerably. The estimates of mean annual recharge for the period 1994-2001 ranged from 22.9 to 35.7 cm—about 45% of the mean of all estimates. For individual years, recharge estimates from the multiple methods ranged from 30 to 42% of the mean value during the dry years and 64 to 76% of the mean value during wet years. Comparison of multiple methods was found to be useful for determining the range of plausible recharge rates and highlighting the uncertainty of the estimates.

Résumé

La recommandation usuelle stipulant que la réalimentation doit être estimée à partir de plusieurs méthodes est sensée, mais les différences inhérentes à chaque méthode rendent difficile l’évaluation de la validité de résultats divergents. Dans la présente étude, quatre méthodes d’estimation de la réalimentation des eaux souterraines et deux méthodes d’estimation du débit de base (comme approximation de la recharge) sont comparées sur deux sites de recherche hydrologique au centre-est de la Pennsylvanie (Etats-Unis). Les résultats des diverses méthodes ont tous produit des estimations raisonnables de la réalimentation, qui différaient considérablement. Les estimations de la recharge annuelle moyenne sur la période allant de 1994 à 2001 variaient entre 22.9 et 35.7 cm (environ 45% de la moyenne de l’ensemble des estimations). Pour chaque année individuellement, les estimations de réalimentation des diverses méthodes variaient de 30 à 42% autour de la valeur moyenne lors des années sèches, et de 64 à 76% lors des années humides. La comparaison des méthodes s’est avérée utile pour déterminer la gamme des taux de réalimentation plausibles, et pour souligner l’incertitude des estimations.

Resumen

La recomendación habitual que la recarga debería estimarse a partir de métodos múltiples es apropiada, pero las diferencias inherentes de los métodos hacen difícil evaluar la exactitud de los diferentes resultados. En este estudio, se comparan cuatro métodos para estimar recarga del agua subterránea y dos métodos para estimar caudal de base (como sustituto de recarga) en dos sitios de investigación hidrológica en el centro-este de Pensilvania, EEUU. Los resultados a partir de los métodos múltiples proporcionan estimaciones razonables de la recarga de las aguas subterráneas que difieren considerablemente. Las estimaciones de la recarga media anual para el período 1994-2001 fluctuó entre 22.9 y 35.7 cm—alrededor del 45% de la media de todas las estimaciones. Para los años individuales, las estimaciones de la recarga a partir de métodos múltiples osciló entre el 30 y el 42% del valor medio durante los años secos y entre el 64 y el 76% del valor medio durante los años húmedos. La comparación de métodos múltiples se consideró útil para determinar la gama de ritmos de recarga plausibles y para resaltar la incertidumbre de las estimaciones.

Resumo

A recomendação comum que a recarga deve ser estimada a partir de vários métodos é boa, mas as diferenças intrínsecas dos métodos tornam difícil avaliar a exactidão de resultados divergentes. Neste estudo, quatro métodos de estimativa de recarga de aquíferos e dois métodos para estimar o escoamento de base (como um “proxy” para a recarga) são comparados em dois locais de estudo situados no centro-leste da Pensilvânia, E.U.A. Todos os resultados dos múltiplos métodos forneceram estimativas razoáveis para a recarga subterrânea que diferia consideravelmente. As estimativas de recarga anual média para o período 1994-2001 variaram entre 22.9 e 35.7 cm—cerca de 45% da média de todas as estimativas. Individualmente, para cada ano, as estimativas de recarga com base nos múltiplos métodos variaram entre 30 a 42% do valor médio durante os anos secos e de 64 a 76% do valor médio durante os anos húmidos. A comparação de múltiplos métodos para a estimativa da recarga subterrânea foi considerada útil para determinar o intervalo de taxas de recarga plausíveis e fazer sobressair a incerteza das estimativas.

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Acknowledgements

This work was supported through the US Geological Survey’s Ground Water Resources Program as part of an effort to evaluate methods for estimating groundwater recharge in humid areas of the United States. The US Department of Agriculture—Agricultural Research Service, University Park, PA provided the hydrologic data used in the study. The authors thank the US Geological Survey reviewers P. Juckem and B. Lindsey as well as A. Piggott, and two anonymous reviewers for providing comments that improved this paper.

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Correspondence to Dennis W. Risser.

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W. J. Gburek is retired.

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Risser, D.W., Gburek, W.J. & Folmar, G.J. Comparison of recharge estimates at a small watershed in east-central Pennsylvania, USA. Hydrogeol J 17, 287–298 (2009). https://doi.org/10.1007/s10040-008-0406-y

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