Abstract
The stability of the passive film formed on austenitic 303 stainless steel in the as-received state and after severe plastic deformation by hydrostatic extrusion (HE) leading to nanostructurization was investigated in an aggressive environment containing Cl− ions by anodic polarization. Transmission electron microscopy (TEM) and stereological image analysis were used to examine structural changes introduced by HE. Surface analytical techniques such as light microscopy, scanning electron microscopy, Auger electron spectroscopy (AES), and scanning Auger microscopy (SAM) were used to characterize the morphology, grain size, and chemistry of the surface, including local characterization of nonmetallic inclusions and their surface before and after HE. SAM analysis revealed discontinuities of the passive oxide film on MnS inclusions. TEM and scanning transmission electron microscopy examinations confirm a drastic reduction of grain size accompanied by a distinct refinement of the size of sulfide inclusions in the HE matrix. These changes in the HE 303 stainless steel are apparently responsible for its reduced pitting resistance compared to the as-received material.
Similar content being viewed by others
References
Frankenthal RP, Kruger J (eds) (1978) Chapter: Stainless steels and ferrous alloys. Passivity of metals. ECS, Princeton, pp 646–770
Sato N, Hashimoto K (eds) (1990) Chapter: Stainless steels. Passivation of metals and semiconductors. The sixth international symposium on passivity, Sapporo, Japan, 1989. Pergamon Press, Oxford, pp 515–591
Heusler KE (ed) (1995) Chapter: The passivity of metal. Passivation of metals and semiconductors. Special issue of Mater Sci Forum 185–188:221–364
Natishan PM, Isaacs HS, Janik-Czachor M, Macagano VA, Marcus P, Seo M (eds) (1998) Chapter: Chemistry and structure of passive oxide films on iron and its alloys. Passivity and its breakdown. ECS, Pennington, pp 143–285
Rossi A, Elsener B, Hahner G, Textor M, Spencer ND (2000) Surf Interface Anal 29:460
Janik-Czachor M (1995) Mater Sci Forum 1:185
Schmuki P, Hildebrand H, Freidrich A, Virtanen S (2005) Corros Sci 47:1239
Vuillemin B, Philippe X, Oltra R, Vignal V, Coudreuse L, Dufour LC, Finot E (2003) Corros Sci 45:1143
Reniers F, Tewell C (2005) J Electron Spectrosc 142:1
Briggs D, Grant JT (2003) Surface analysis by Auger and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy, Surface Spectra. IM, Chichester
Watts JF, Wolstenholme J (2003) An introduction to surface analysis by XPS and AES. Wiley, England
Kurzydłowski KJ (2004) Bull Pol Acad Sci Tech Sci 52(4):301
Ivanisienko Yuv, Korznikov AV, Safarov IM, Valiev RZ (1995) Nanostruct Mater 6:433
Suś-Ryszkowska M, Wejrzanowski T, Pakieła Z, Kurzydłowski KJ (2004) Mat Sci Eng A 369:151
Valiev RZ, Alexandrov IV (1999) Nanostruct Mater 12:35
Hung JCh, Hung Ch (2000) J Mater Process Technol 104:226
Lewandowska M (2006) J Microsc 224:34
Garbacz H, Lewandowska M, Pachla W, Kurzydłowski KJ (2006) J Microsc 223:272
Budniak J, Lewandowska M, Pachla W, Kulczyk M, Kurzydłowski KJ (2006) Solid State Phenom 114:57
Zhang Z, Akiyama E, Watanabe Y, Katada Y, Tsuzaki K (2007) Corros Sci 49:2962
Krasilnikov K, Lojkowski W, Pakiela Z, Valiev R (2005) Mat Sci Eng A 397:330
Bastidas JM, Torres CL, Cano E, Polo JL (2002) Corros Sci 44:625
Shih CC, Shih CM, Su YY, Su LHJ, Chang MS, Lin SJ (2004) Corros Sci 46:427
Hashimoto K, Asami K (1978) In: Frankenthal RP, Kruger J (eds) Passivity of metals. ECS, Princeton, New Jersey, p 749
Janik-Czachor M (1981) J Electrochem Soc 128:513C
Janik-Czachor M, Wood GC, Thompson GE (1980) Brit Cor J 15:154
Engell HJ, Oriani RA (1989) Corros Sci 29:119
Lumsden JB, Staehle RW (1972) Scripta Mat 6:1205
Wejrzanowski T (2000) Computer assisted quantitative description of the functionally graded materials. Master’s thesis, Warsaw University of Technology
Eklund GS (1974) J Electrochem Soc 121:467
Scotto J, Ventura G, Traverso E (1979) Corros Sci 19:237
Szummer A, Janik-Czachor M, Hofmann S (1994) In: Marcus P, Baroux B, Keddam M (eds) Proceedings of European symposium on modification of passive films. vol. 12. Institute of Materials, London, p 280
Jansen EFM, Sloof WG, de Wit JHW (1994) In: Marcus P, Baroux B, Keddam M (eds) Proceedings of European symposium on modification of passive films. vol. 12. Institute of Materials, London, p 290
Janik-Czachor M, Szummer A (1993) Corrosion Review 11:118
Baroux B, Gorse G (1994) In: Marcus P, Baroux B, Keddam M (eds) Proceedings of European symposium on modification of passive films. vol. 12. Institute of Materials, London, p 300
Yang S, Mcdonald DD (2007) Electrochim Acta 52:1871
Okamoto G, Shibata T (1978) In: Frankenthal RP, Kruger J (eds) Passivity of metals. ECS, Princeton, New Jersey, p 646
Kirchheim R (1987) Electrochim Acta 32:1619
Pisarek M, Kędzierzawski P, Janik-Czachor M, Kurzydłowski KJ (2008) Corrosion NACE. In press
Acknowledgement
The authors are grateful to Prof. A. Szummer, Prof. K. Hashimoto, and Dr. T. Wejrzanowski for helpful discussions. This work was financially supported by the Polish Ministry of Education and Science through grant 3T08C 013 29 and by the Foundation for Polish Science through a generous fellowship for M. Pisarek. Surface characterizations were performed using a Microlab 350 located at the Physical Chemistry of Materials Center of the Institute of Physical Chemistry, Polish Academy of Sciences and of the Faculty of Materials Science and Engineering, Warsaw University of Technology.
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Corresponding author
Additional information
Contribution to the Fall Meeting of the European Materials Research Society, Symposium D: 9th International Symposium on Electrochemical–Chemical Reactivity of Metastable Materials, Warsaw, 17th–21st September, 2007.
Rights and permissions
About this article
Cite this article
Pisarek, M., Kędzierzawski, P., Janik-Czachor, M. et al. Effect of hydrostatic extrusion on passivity breakdown on 303 austenitic stainless steel in chloride solution. J Solid State Electrochem 13, 283–291 (2009). https://doi.org/10.1007/s10008-007-0488-9
Received:
Revised:
Accepted:
Published:
Issue Date:
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s10008-007-0488-9