Skip to main content

Advertisement

SpringerLink
Log in

Occlusion effects of bioactive glass and hydroxyapatite on dentinal tubules: a systematic review

  • Review
  • Published:
Clinical Oral Investigations Aims and scope Submit manuscript

Abstract

Objective

Bioactive glass and hydroxyapatite are biocompatible materials used as an adjunct to various dental materials. The present study aimed to evaluate the occlusion effects of bioactive glasses and hydroxyapatite on dental tubules.

Materials and methods

We searched the PubMed/Medline, Embase, and Web of Science databases for the relevant records. The methodological quality of the studies was assessed by an accepted quality assessment tool.

Results

From the electronic databases, 372 articles were retrieved. After evaluating the records, 35 in vitro studies were included. The studies revealed a low risk of bias. The primary outcomes from bioactive glass studies demonstrated the potential efficacy of both bioactive glass and hydroxyapatite in dentin tubule occlusion compared to the control.

Conclusion

The current systematic review showed that bioactive glass and hydroxyapatite could effectively occlude the dentinal tubules. Thus, desensitizing agents containing bioactive glass and hydroxyapatite can be used to manage dentin hypersensitivity (DH). However, long-term follow-up clinical trials are required in the future before definitive recommendations can be made.

Clinical relevance

This work achieved a satisfactorily systematic review for assessing desensitizing agents containing bioactive glass and hydroxyapatite in dentine hypersensitivity treatments recommended for clinical practice and research.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this article

Log in via an institution

Price excludes VAT (USA)
Tax calculation will be finalised during checkout.

Instant access to the full article PDF.

Institutional subscriptions

Fig. 1
Fig. 2

Similar content being viewed by others

Data Availability

All supporting data are included as additional files, upon request.

References

  1. Holland G, Narhi M, Addy M, Gangarosa L, Orchardson R (1997) Guidelines for the design and conduct of clinical trials on dentine hypersensitivity. J Clin Periodontol 24(11):808–813

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  2. Addy M (2002) Dentine hypersensitivity: new perspectives on an old problem. Int Dent J 52(S2P2):367–75

    Article  Google Scholar 

  3. Zeola LF, Soares PV, Cunha-Cruz J (2019) Prevalence of dentin hypersensitivity: Systematic review and meta-analysis. J Dent 81:1–6

    Article  Google Scholar 

  4. Olley R, Sehmi H (2017) The rise of dentine hypersensitivity and tooth wear in an ageing population. Br Dent J 223(4):293

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  5. Silva MS, ANdAN L, Pereira MMA, Ferraz Mendes R, Prado Júnior RR (2019) Prevalence and predictive factors of dentin hypersensitivity in Brazilian adolescents. J Clin Periodontology 46(4):448–56

    Article  Google Scholar 

  6. Brännström M, Lindén L, Åström A (1967) The hydrodynamics of the dental tubule and of pulp fluid. Caries Res 1(4):310–317

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  7. Brännström M (1966) Sensitivity of dentine. Oral Surg Oral Med Oral Pathol 21(4):517–526

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  8. Sykes L (2007) Dentine hypersensitivity: a review of its aetiology, pathogenesis and management: clinical. S Afr Dent J 62(2):66–71

    Google Scholar 

  9. Zhu M, Li J, Chen B, Mei L, Yao L, Tian J et al (2015) The effect of calcium sodium phosphosilicate on dentin hypersensitivity: a systematic review and meta-analysis. PLoS ONE 10(11):e0140176

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  10. Cai F, Shen P, Walker GD, Reynolds C, Yuan Y, Reynolds EC (2009) Remineralization of enamel subsurface lesions by chewing gum with added calcium. J Dent 37(10):763–768

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  11. Gillam D, Newman H, Davies E, Bulman J (1992) Clinical efficacy of a low abrasive dentifrice for the relief of cervical dentinal hypersensitivity. J Clin Periodontol 19(3):197–201

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  12. Silverman G, Berman E, Hanna C, Salvato A, Fratarcangelo P, Bartizek R et al (1996) Assessing the efficacy of three dentifrices in the treatment of dentinal hypersensitivity. J Am Dent Assoc 127(2):191–201

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  13. Konradsson K, Lingström P, Emilson C-G, Johannsen G, Ramberg P, Johannsen A (2020) Stabilized stannous fluoride dentifrice in relation to dental caries, dental erosion and dentin hypersensitivity: a systematic review. Am J Dent 33(2):95–105

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  14. Marya CM, Jain S, Nagpal R, Kataria S, Taneja P, Mavi S (2021) Comparative efficacy of cow milk KNO3 and warm saline rinses in treating dentin hypersensitivity following nonsurgical periodontal treatment: a randomized controlled Trial. Cureus. 13(1):e12466. https://doi.org/10.7759/cureus.12466

  15. Martins C, Firmino R, Riva J, Ge L, Carrasco-Labra A, Brignardello-Petersen R et al (2020) Desensitizing toothpastes for dentin hypersensitivity: a network meta-analysis. J Dent Res 99(5):514–522

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  16. Curtis A, West N, Su B (2010) Synthesis of nanobioglass and formation of apatite rods to occlude exposed dentine tubules and eliminate hypersensitivity. Acta Biomater 6(9):3740–3746

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  17. Toledano-Osorio M, Osorio E, Aguilera FS, Luis Medina-Castillo A, Toledano M, Osorio R (2018) Improved reactive nanoparticles to treat dentin hypersensitivity. Acta Biomater 72:371–380

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  18. Toledano-Osorio M, Osorio R, Osorio E, Medina-Castillo AL (2021) Novel pastes containing polymeric nanoparticles for dentin hypersensitivity treatment: an in vitro study. Nanomater (Basel) 11(11):3150

    Article  Google Scholar 

  19. Chiang Y-C, Chen H-J, Liu H-C, Kang S-H, Lee B-S, Lin F-H et al (2010) A novel mesoporous biomaterial for treating dentin hypersensitivity. J Dent Res 89(3):236–240

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  20. Lee EM, Borges R, Marchi J, de Paula EC, Marques MM (2020) Bioactive glass and high-intensity lasers as a promising treatment for dentin hypersensitivity: an in vitro study. J Biomed Mater Res B Appl Biomater 108(3):939–947

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  21. Dai LL, Nudelman F, Chu CH, Lo ECM, Mei ML (2021) The effects of strontium-doped bioactive glass and fluoride on hydroxyapatite crystallization. J Dent 105:103581

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  22. Choi Y-J, Bae M-K, Kim Y-I, Park J-K, Son S-A (2020) Effects of microsurface structure of bioactive nanoparticles on dentinal tubules as a dentin desensitizer. PLoS ONE 15(8):e0237726

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  23. Vano M, Derchi G, Barone A, Pinna R, Usai P, Covani U (2018) Reducing dentine hypersensitivity with nano-hydroxyapatite toothpaste: a double-blind randomized controlled trial. Clin Oral Invest 22(1):313–320

    Article  Google Scholar 

  24. Lee SY, Kwon HK, Kim BI (2008) Effect of dentinal tubule occlusion by dentifrice containing nano-carbonate apatite. J Oral Rehabil 35(11):847–853

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  25. Wang R, Wang Q, Wang X, Tian L, Liu H, Zhao M et al (2014) Enhancement of nano-hydroxyapatite bonding to dentin through a collagen/calcium dual-affinitive peptide for dentinal tubule occlusion. J Biomater Appl 29(2):268–277

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  26. Lavender SA, Petrou I, Heu R, Stranick MA, Cummins D, Kilpatrick-Liverman L et al (2010) Mode of action studies on a new desensitizing dentifrice containing 8.0% arginine, a high cleaning calcium carbonate system and 1450 ppm fluoride. Am J Dent 23 Spec No A:14A–19A

  27. Lin X, Xie F, Ma X, Hao Y, Qin H, Long J (2017) Fabrication and characterization of dendrimer-functionalized nano-hydroxyapatite and its application in dentin tubule occlusion. J Biomater Sci Polym Ed 28(9):846–863

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  28. Liu C, Huang Y, Shen W, Cui J (2001) Kinetics of hydroxyapatite precipitation at pH 10 to 11. Biomaterials 22(4):301–306

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  29. Kulal R, Jayanti I, Sambashivaiah S, Bilchodmath S (2016) An in-vitro comparison of nano hydroxyapatite novamin and proargin desensitizing toothpastes-A SEM Study. J Clin Diagn Res: JCDR 10(10):ZC51

    PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  30. Yu J, Yang H, Li K, Lei J, Zhou L, Huang C (2016) A novel application of nanohydroxyapatite/mesoporous silica biocomposite on treating dentin hypersensitivity: an in vitro study. J Dent 50:21–29

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  31. Marchi J (2016) Biocompatible glasses: from bone regeneration to cancer treatment (Advanced Structured Materials, 53) 1st ed. 2016 Edition by Juliana Marchi (Editor)

  32. Lopez TC, Diniz IM, Ferreira LS, Marchi J, Borges R, de Cara SP et al (2017) Bioactive glass plus laser phototherapy as promise candidates for dentine hypersensitivity treatment. J Biomed Mater Res B Appl Biomater 105(1):107–116

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  33. Knobloch K, Yoon U, Vogt PM (2011) Preferred reporting items for systematic reviews and meta-analyses (PRISMA) statement and publication bias. J Craniomaxillofac Surg 39(2):91–92

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  34. Taha AA, Patel MP, Hill RG, Fleming PS (2017) The effect of bioactive glasses on enamel remineralization: a systematic review. J Dent 67:9–17

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  35. Farmakis E-TR, Kozyrakis K, Khabbaz MG, Schoop U, Beer F, Moritz A (2012) In vitro evaluation of dentin tubule occlusion by Denshield and Neodymium-doped yttrium-aluminum-garnet laser irradiation. J endod 38(5):662–6

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  36. Bakry A, Takahashi H, Otsuki M, Sadr A, Yamashita K, Tagami J (2011) CO2 laser improves 45S5 bioglass interaction with dentin. J Dent Res 90(2):246–250

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  37. Patil CL, Gaikwad RP (2020) Comparative evaluation of use of diode laser and electrode with and without two dentinal tubule occluding agents in the management of dentinal hypersensitivity: an experimental in vitro study. J Indian Soc Periodontol 24(2):150

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  38. Canadian Advisory Board on Dentin Hypersensitivity (2003) Consensus-based recommendations for the diagnosis and management of dentin hypersensitivity. J Can Dent Assoc 69(4):221–6

  39. Cartwright RB (2014) Dentinal hypersensitivity: a narrative review. Community Dent Health 31(1):15–20

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  40. Toledano M, Cabello I, Osorio E, Aguilera FS, Medina-Castillo AL, Toledano-Osorio M (2019) Zn-containing polymer nanogels promote cervical dentin remineralization. Clin Oral Investig 23(3):1197–1208

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  41. Bansal D, Mahajan M (2017) Comparative evaluation of effectiveness of three desensitizing tooth pastes for relief in the dentinal hypersensitivity. Contemp Clin Dent 8(2):195–199

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  42. Neuhaus KW, Milleman JL, Milleman KR, Mongiello KA, Simonton TC, Clark CE et al (2013) Effectiveness of a calcium sodium phosphosilicate containing prophylaxis paste in reducing dentine hypersensitivity immediately and 4 weeks after a single application: a double-blind randomized controlled trial. J Clin Periodontol 40(4):349–357

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  43. Jena A, Shashirekha G (2015) Comparison of efficacy of three different desensitizing agents for in-office relief of dentin hypersensitivity: a 4 weeks clinical study. J Conserv Dent JCD 18(5):389–393

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  44. Zhong JP, Greenspan DC, Feng JW (2002) A microstructural examination of apatite induced by Bioglass in vitro. J Mater Sci - Mater Med 13(3):321–326

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  45. Vlasova N, Samusenkov V, Novikova I, Nikolenko D, Nikolashvili N, Gor I, Danilina A (2022) Clinical efficacy of hydroxyapatite toothpaste containing Polyol Germanium Complex (PGC) with threonine in the treatment of dentine hypersensitivity. Saudi Dent J 34(4):310–314. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.sdentj.2022.03.001

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  46. Khan AS, Farooq I, Alakrawi KM, Khalid H, Saadi OW, Hakeem AS (2020) Dentin tubule occlusion potential of novel dentifrices having fluoride containing bioactive glass and zinc oxide nanoparticles. Med Princ Pract 29(4):338–346

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  47. Saffarpour M, Mohammadi M, Tahriri M, Zakerzadeh A (2017) Efficacy of modified bioactive glass for dentin remineralization and obstruction of dentinal tubules. J Dent (Tehran, Iran) 14(4):212

    Google Scholar 

  48. DegliEsposti L, Ionescu AC, Brambilla E, Tampieri A, Iafisco M (2020) Characterization of a toothpaste containing bioactive hydroxyapatites and in vitro evaluation of its efficacy to remineralize enamel and to occlude dentinal tubules. Materials 13(13):2928

    Article  Google Scholar 

  49. Kunam D, Manimaran S, Sampath V, Sekar M (2016) Evaluation of dentinal tubule occlusion and depth of penetration of nano-hydroxyapatite derived from chicken eggshell powder with and without addition of sodium fluoride: an in vitro study. J Conserv Dent JCD 19(3):239

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  50. Taha ST, Han H, Chang S-R, Sovadinova I, Kuroda K, Langford RM et al (2015) Nano/micro fluorhydroxyapatite crystal pastes in the treatment of dentin hypersensitivity: an in vitro study. Clin Oral Invest 19(8):1921–1930

    Article  Google Scholar 

  51. Zhang Y, Agee K, Pashley DH, Pashley EL (1998) The effects of pain-free desensitizer on dentine permeability and tubule occlusion over time, in vitro. J Clin Periodontol 25(11 Pt 1):884–891

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  52. Wang Z, Jiang T, Sauro S, Pashley DH, Toledano M, Osorio R et al (2011) The dentine remineralization activity of a desensitizing bioactive glass-containing toothpaste: an in vitro study. Aust Dent J 56(4):372–381

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  53. Andersson Ö, Kangasniemi I (1991) Calcium phosphate formation at the surface of bioactive glass in vitro. J Biomed Mater Res 25(8):1019–1030

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  54. Aho AJ, Heikkilä J, Aho HJ, Andersson O, Yli-Urpo A (1993) Morphology of osteogenesis in bioactive glass interface. Ann Chir Gynaecol Suppl 207:145–153

  55. Stefanie MA, Thomas A, Beatrice S, Philipp S (2018) Performance of a bioglass-based dentine desensitizer under lactid acid exposition: an in-vitro study. BMC Oral Health 18(1):1–9

    Article  Google Scholar 

  56. da Cruz LPD, Hill RG, Chen X, Gillam DG (2018) Dentine tubule occlusion by novel bioactive glass-based toothpastes. Int J Dent 4(2018):5701638. https://doi.org/10.1155/2018/5701638

    Article  Google Scholar 

  57. Garg R (2017) Comparison of various dentifrices containing such as bioactive glass, hydroxyapatite & potassium nitrate on dentinal tubules occlusion: a SEM study. Int J Med Res Prof 3(4):253–259

    Google Scholar 

  58. Chen W-C, Kung J-C, Chen C-H, Hsiao Y-C, Shih C-J, Chien C-S (2013) Effects of bioactive glass with and without mesoporous structures on desensitization in dentinal tubule occlusion. Appl Surf Sci 283:833–842

    Article  Google Scholar 

  59. Bakri MM, Hossain MZ, Razak FA, Saqina Z, Misroni A, Ab-Murat N et al (2017) Dentinal tubules occluded by bioactive glass-containing toothpaste exhibit high resistance toward acidic soft drink challenge. Aust Dent J 62(2):186–191

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  60. Mahmoodi B, Goggin P, Fowler C, Cook RB (2021) Quantitative assessment of dentine mineralization and tubule occlusion by NovaMin and stannous fluoride using serial block face scanning electron microscopy. J Biomed Mater Res B Appl Biomater 109(5):717–722

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  61. Chen C, Parolia A, Pau A, de Moraes Celerino, Porto I (2015) Comparative evaluation of the effectiveness of desensitizing agents in dentine tubule occlusion using scanning electron microscopy. Aust Dent J 60(1):65–72

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  62. Joshi S, Gowda AS, Joshi C (2013) Comparative evaluation of NovaMin desensitizer and Gluma desensitizer on dentinal tubule occlusion: a scanning electron microscopic study. J Periodontal Implant Sci 43(6):269

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  63. Rajguru SA, Padhye AM, Gupta HS (2017) Effects of two desensitizing dentifrices on dentinal tubule occlusion with citric acid challenge: confocal laser scanning microscopy study. Indian J Dent Res 28(4):450

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  64. Arnold W, Prange M, Naumova E (2015) Effectiveness of various toothpastes on dentine tubule occlusion. J Dent 43(4):440–449

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  65. Lynch E, Brauer DS, Karpukhina N, Gillam DG, Hill RG (2012) Multi-component bioactive glasses of varying fluoride content for treating dentin hypersensitivity. Dent Mater 28(2):168–178

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  66. Bae J, Son W-S, Yoo K-H, Yoon S-Y, Bae M-K, Lee DJ et al (2019) Effects of poly (amidoamine) dendrimer-coated mesoporous bioactive glass nanoparticles on dentin remineralization. Nanomaterials 9(4):591

    Article  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  67. Jung J-H, Park S-B, Yoo K-H, Yoon S-Y, Bae M-K, Lee DJ et al (2019) Effect of different sizes of bioactive glass-coated mesoporous silica nanoparticles on dentinal tubule occlusion and mineralization. Clin Oral Invest 23(5):2129–2141

    Article  Google Scholar 

  68. Ma Q, Wang T, Meng Q, Xu X, Wu H, Xu D et al (2017) Comparison of in vitro dentinal tubule occluding efficacy of two different methods using a nano-scaled bioactive glass-containing desensitising agent. J Dent 60:63–69

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  69. Son S, Kim D-H, Yoo K-H, Yoon S-Y, Kim Y-I (2020) Mesoporous bioactive glass combined with graphene oxide quantum dot as a new material for a new treatment option for dentin hypersensitivity. Nanomaterials 10(4):621

    Article  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  70. Pałka ŁR, Rybak Z, Kuropka P, Szymonowicz MK, Kiryk J, Marycz K et al (2020) In vitro SEM analysis of desensitizing agents and experimental hydroxyapatite-based composition effectiveness in occluding dentin tubules. Adv Clin Exp Med 29(11):1283–1297

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  71. Baglar S, Erdem U, Dogan M, Turkoz M (2018) Dentinal tubule occluding capability of nano-hydroxyapatite; the in-vitro evaluation. Microsc Res Tech 81(8):843–854

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  72. Amaechi BT, Mathews SM, Ramalingam K, Mensinkai PK (2015) Evaluation of nanohydroxyapatite-containing toothpaste for occluding dentin tubules. Am J Dent 28(1):33–39

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  73. Pei D, Meng Y, Li Y, Liu J, Lu Y (2019) Influence of nano-hydroxyapatite containing desensitizing toothpastes on the sealing ability of dentinal tubules and bonding performance of self-etch adhesives. J Mech Behav Biomed Mater 91:38–44

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  74. Saini N, Mathur S, Saini V, Kapoor A, Vijay S, Gurjar S (2020) Effect of commercially available nano-hydroxy apatite containing desensitizing mouthwash on dentinal tubular occlusion: an in vitro FESEM analysis. Med Pharm Rep 93(4):396

    PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  75. Hill RG, Chen X, Gillam DG (2015) In vitro ability of a novel nanohydroxyapatite oral rinse to occlude dentine tubules Int J Dent 2015. https://doi.org/10.1155/2015/153284

  76. Bologa E, Stoleriu S, Iovan G, Ghiorghe CA, Nica I, Andrian S et al (2020) Effects of dentifrices containing nanohydroxyapatite on dentinal tubule occlusion—a scanning electron microscopy and EDX study. Appl Sci 10(18):6513

    Article  Google Scholar 

  77. Jena A, Kala S, Shashirekha G (2017) Comparing the effectiveness of four desensitizing toothpastes on dentinal tubule occlusion: a scanning electron microscope analysis. J Conserv Dent JCD 20(4):269

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  78. Solati M, Fekrazad R, Vahdatinia F et al (2022) Dentinal tubule blockage using nanobioglass in the presence of diode (980 nm) and Nd:YAG lasers: an in vitro study. Clin Oral Invest 26:2975–2981

    Article  Google Scholar 

Download references

Acknowledgements

The authors would like to thank Dr. Mohammad J. Nasiri for his technical support in this project.

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

  1. Department of Restorative Dentistry, Dental School, Shahed University of Medical Sciences, Italy St, Tehran, Iran

    S. Behzadi

  2. Department of Epidemiology, School of Public Health, Hamadan University of Medical Sciences, Shahid Fahmideh St, Hamadan, Iran

    Y. Mohammadi

  3. Department of Restorative Dentistry, Dental School, Hamadan University of Medical Sciences, Shahid Fahmideh St, Hamadan, Iran

    L. Rezaei-Soufi

  4. Dental Research Center, Dental School, Hamadan University of Medical Sciences, Shahid Fahmideh St, Hamadan, Iran

    A. Farmany

  5. Dental Implant Research Center, Dental School, Hamadan University of Medical Sciences, Shahid Fahmideh St, Hamadan, Iran

    A. Farmany

Authors
  1. S. Behzadi
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  2. Y. Mohammadi
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  3. L. Rezaei-Soufi
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  4. A. Farmany
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

Contributions

All the authors read and approved the manuscript.

Corresponding author

Correspondence to A. Farmany.

Ethics declarations

Ethics approval

Not applicable.

Informed consent

Not applicable.

Conflict of interest

The authors declare no competing interests.

Additional information

Publisher's Note

Springer Nature remains neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in published maps and institutional affiliations.

Rights and permissions

Springer Nature or its licensor holds exclusive rights to this article under a publishing agreement with the author(s) or other rightsholder(s); author self-archiving of the accepted manuscript version of this article is solely governed by the terms of such publishing agreement and applicable law.

Reprints and permissions

About this article

Check for updates. Verify currency and authenticity via CrossMark

Cite this article

Behzadi, S., Mohammadi, Y., Rezaei-Soufi, L. et al. Occlusion effects of bioactive glass and hydroxyapatite on dentinal tubules: a systematic review. Clin Oral Invest 26, 6061–6078 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1007/s00784-022-04639-y

Download citation

  • Received:

  • Accepted:

  • Published:

  • Issue Date:

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s00784-022-04639-y

Keywords

Search

Navigation