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Periodontal clinical status, microbial profile, and expression of interleukin-1β in men under androgenic anabolic steroids abuse

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Abstract

Objectives

Androgenic anabolic steroids (AAS) abuse is a serious health problem associated to several systemic complications. Here, we evaluated the periodontal clinical status, microbial profile, and expression of total protein (TP) and interleukin (IL)-1β in men using AAS.

Materials and methods

Men using AAS were recruited (case group) and matched for age with men who had never used AAS (control group) but also performed physical activities. Plaque index (PI), marginal bleeding (MB), probing depth (PD), clinical attachment level (CAL), and bleeding on probing (BoP) were evaluated. Crevicular fluid and subgingival biofilm were collected from healthy and diseased sites (PD ≥ 4 mm with CAL ≥ 1 mm and BoP) and evaluated for TP, IL-1β, and proportions of 40 bacterial species.

Results

Thirty patients were included (n = 15/group). AAS consumers had significantly higher mean PD and higher percentage of diseased sites; sites with PD ≥ 4 mm or with CAL ≥ 1 mm than non-consumers. Also, AAS users showed a more dysbiotic biofilm containing lower proportions of host-compatible species and higher proportions of pathogens. IL-1β expression was statistically higher in diseased than in healthy sites only in the control group. A statistically positive correlation was detected between periodontal pathogens and IL-1β expression. The number of AAS cycles was positively associated with higher percentages of periodontal pathogens, but not with IL-1β or total protein concentrations.

Conclusions

AAS intake can worsen clinical and immunological periodontal conditions and the biofilm composition in healthy sites.

Clinical relevance

Dental care professionals should perform full mouth periodontal screening and schedule regular follow-up appointments for patients under AAS use.

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Acknowledgments

We are thankful to Mr. Gabriel Guidio Guarenghi and Ms. Taize Franciele Massignani Figueredo for their technical support.

Funding

This study was partially supported by the Coordination for the Improvement of Higher Education Personnel (CAPES, Brasília, DF, Brazil). SVSCW was a recipient of a CAPES scholarship and JDPC was a beneficiary of a scholarship from the Araucária Foundation for Scientific and Technological Development Support of the State of Paraná (Curitiba, PR, Brazil).

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Author notes

  1. Stephanie von Stein Cubas Warnavin and Henrique Meister Valenga contributed equally and share the first authorship of this article.

Authors and Affiliations

  1. Graduate Program in Dentistry, Universidade Federal do Paraná, Av. Pref. Lothário Meissner, 632, Curitiba, PR, 80210-170, Brazil

    Stephanie von Stein Cubas Warnavin, Henrique Meister Valenga, Geisla Mary Silva Soares & Joao Paulo Steffens

  2. School of Dentistry, Universidade Federal do Paraná, Av. Pref. Lothário Meissner, 632, Curitiba, PR, 80210-170, Brazil

    Thainá Biudes Conforto Costa & Joao Daniel Paganella Chaves

  3. Department of Physiology and Pathology, School of Dentistry at Araraquara, UNESP—Univ Est Paulista, Rua Humaitá, 1680, Araraquara, SP, 14801-903, Brazil

    Luis Carlos Spolidorio & Denise Madalena Palomari Spolidorio

  4. Postgraduate Program in Dentistry, Universidade Guarulhos, R. Eng. Prestes Maia, 88, Guarulhos, SP, 07023-070, Brazil

    Magda Feres

Authors
  1. Stephanie von Stein Cubas Warnavin
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  2. Henrique Meister Valenga
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  8. Geisla Mary Silva Soares
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Contributions

All authors have made substantial contributions to conception and design of the study. SVSCW, HMV, TBCC, and JDPC worked on the acquisition and analysis of data. LCS, DMPS, MF, GSS, and JPS supervised all steps and worked on the analysis and interpretation of data. SVSCW, HMV, and JPS drafted the work and the other authors critically revised for intellectual content. All authors approved the final version and agree to be accountable for all aspects of the work.

Corresponding author

Correspondence to Joao Paulo Steffens.

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Conflict of Interest

SVSCW declares that she has no conflict of interest. HMV declares that he has no conflict of interest. TBCC declares that she has no conflict of interest. JDPC declares that he has no conflict of interest. LCS declares that he has no conflict of interest. DMPS declares that she has no conflict of interest. MF declares that she has no conflict of interest. GMSS declares that she has no conflict of interest. JPS declares that he has no conflict of interest.

Ethical approval

All procedures were in accordance with the ethical standards of the institutional and national research committee and with the 1964 Helsinki Declaration and its later amendments or comparable ethical standards.

Informed consent

Informed consent was obtained from all individual participants included in the study.

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von Stein Cubas Warnavin, S., Valenga, H.M., Costa, T.B.C. et al. Periodontal clinical status, microbial profile, and expression of interleukin-1β in men under androgenic anabolic steroids abuse. Clin Oral Invest 25, 3567–3575 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1007/s00784-020-03679-6

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  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s00784-020-03679-6

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