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Association between maternal exposure to tobacco, presence of TGFA gene, and the occurrence of oral clefts. A case control study

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Abstract

Objective

To determine the association between maternal tobacco use or exposure, presence of variant transforming growth factor alpha (TGFA) gene, and the occurrence of oral clefts.

Methods

The present case control study was carried out for 5 months in three tertiary government hospitals in Chennai city with a sample of 100 children (50 children with non syndromic cleft and 50 control) aged 0–24 months. The details of maternal risk factors during the period of gestation were recorded from case and control parents through a pre-validated questionnaire, following which blood samples from 92 children (46 case and 46 controls) based on consent were obtained and evaluated for TGFA gene polymorphism.

Results

A significant number of case mothers (48%) were exposed to secondhand smoke during the period of gestation than their control counterparts (24%) (P = 0.01) with an odds ratio of 2.46 (95% CI = 0.99–6.08). Electrophoresis of the restriction fragment length polymorphism (RFLP) product revealed the presence of the homozygous C1C1 allele in all the tested 92 samples with no homozygous C2C2 allele or heterozygous C1C2 allele.

Conclusion

The present study has highlighted the role of passive smoking in the causation of non syndromic oral clefts in a developing country like India; however, the involvement of TGFA in causing the same disease in an ethnically Dravidian Indian population is uncertain.

Clinical significance

The study has brought into forth the role of passive smoking in the development of oral clefts thereby warranting an effective public health policy to tackle the same.

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Acknowledgement

We would like to thank Dr. S.V. Senthil Nathan, Head of Department of Pediatric Surgery, Institute of Child Health Egmore, Chennai, for his expert help during the course of this study, and Dr. M. Anandchitra, Assistant Professor, Department of Veterinary Microbiology, Madras Veterinary College, for her technical guidance for PCR procedures.

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. Department of Public Health Dentistry, Meenakshi Ammal Dental College and Hospital, Chennai, 600095, India

    Mohammed Junaid

  2. Department of Public Health Dentistry, Tamilnadu Government Dental College and Hospital, Chennai, 600 003, India

    M. B. Aswath Narayanan, D. Jayanthi, S. G. Ramesh Kumar & A. Leena Selvamary

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  1. Mohammed Junaid
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  2. M. B. Aswath Narayanan
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  3. D. Jayanthi
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  4. S. G. Ramesh Kumar
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Correspondence to Mohammed Junaid.

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The authors declare that they have no conflict of interest.

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Funding

No external funding was obtained for the conduct of the study.

Ethical approval

All procedures performed in studies involving human participants were in accordance with the ethical standards of the institutional research committee and with the 1964 Helsinki declaration and its later amendments or comparable ethical standards.

Informed consent

Informed consent was obtained from all the individual participants included in the study.

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Junaid, M., Narayanan, M.B.A., Jayanthi, D. et al. Association between maternal exposure to tobacco, presence of TGFA gene, and the occurrence of oral clefts. A case control study. Clin Oral Invest 22, 217–223 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1007/s00784-017-2102-6

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  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s00784-017-2102-6

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