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Characterization of un-hydrated and hydrated BioAggregate™ and MTA Angelus™

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Clinical Oral Investigations Aims and scope Submit manuscript

Abstract

Objectives

BioAggregate™ is a novel material introduced for use as a root-end filling material. It is tricalcium silicate-based, free of aluminium and uses tantalum oxide as radiopacifier. BioAggregate contains additives to enhance the material performance. The purpose of this research was to characterize the un-hydrated and hydrated forms of BioAggregate using a combination of techniques, verify whether the additives if present affect the properties of the set material and compare these properties to those of MTA Angelus™.

Methods

Un-hydrated and hydrated BioAggregate and MTA Angelus were assessed. Un-hydrated cement was tested for chemical composition, specific surface area, mineralogy and kinetics of hydration. The set material was investigated for mineralogy, microstructure and bioactivity. Scanning electron microscopy, X-ray energy dispersive spectroscopic analysis, X-ray fluorescence spectroscopy, X-ray diffraction and isothermal calorimetry were employed. The specific surface area was investigated using a gas adsorption method with nitrogen as the probe.

Results

BioAggregate was composed of tricalcium silicate, tantalum oxide, calcium phosphate and silicon dioxide and was free of aluminium. On hydration, the tricalcium silicate produced calcium silicate hydrate and calcium hydroxide. The former was deposited around the cement grains, while the latter reacted with the silicon dioxide to form additional calcium silicate hydrate. This resulted in reduction of calcium hydroxide in the aged cement. MTA Angelus reacted in a similar fashion; however, since it contained no additives, the calcium hydroxide was still present in the aged cement. Bioactivity was demonstrated by deposition of hydroxyapatite. BioAggregate exhibited a high specific surface area. Nevertheless, the reactivity determined by isothermal calorimetry appeared to be slow compared to MTA Angelus. The tantalum oxide as opposed to bismuth oxide was inert, and tantalum was not leached in solution. BioAggregate exhibited high calcium ion release early, which was maintained over the 28-day period as opposed to MTA Angelus, which demonstrated low early calcium ion release which increased as the material aged.

Conclusions

The mineralogical composition of BioAggregate was different to MTA Angelus. As opposed to MTA Angelus, BioAggregate did not contain aluminium and contained additives such as calcium phosphate and silicon dioxide. As a consequence, BioAggregate reacted more slowly and formation of calcium hydroxide and leaching of calcium ions in solution were not evident as the material aged. The additives in BioAggregate modify the kinetics and the end products of hydration.

Clinical significance

Although newer generation tricalcium silicate-based materials contain similar constituents to MTA, they do not undergo the same setting reactions, and thus, their clinical performance will not be comparable to that of MTA.

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Acknowledgments

Verio Dental Co. Ltd for the materials. Dr. Vincent Thiery of the Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Ecole de Mines, Douai, France and Ing. James Camilleri of the Department of Metallurgy and Materials Engineering laboratory, Faculty of Engineering, University of Malta, for their help with the analysis; ERDF (Malta) for the financing of the testing equipment through the project: “Developing an Interdisciplinary Material Testing and Rapid Prototyping R&D Facility (Ref. no. 012)”.

Conflict of interest

The authors declare that they have no conflict of interest.

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

  1. Department of Restorative Dentistry, Faculty of Dental Surgery, University of Malta Medical School, Mater Dei Hospital, Msida, MSD 2090, Malta

    J. Camilleri

  2. Mineral Research Processing, Meyzieu, France

    F. Sorrentino

  3. University of Lille Nord de France, Lille, France

    D. Damidot

  4. EM Douai, LGCgE-GCE, Douai, France

    D. Damidot

Authors
  1. J. Camilleri
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  2. F. Sorrentino
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  3. D. Damidot
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Correspondence to J. Camilleri.

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Camilleri, J., Sorrentino, F. & Damidot, D. Characterization of un-hydrated and hydrated BioAggregate™ and MTA Angelus™. Clin Oral Invest 19, 689–698 (2015). https://doi.org/10.1007/s00784-014-1292-4

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  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s00784-014-1292-4

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