Skip to main content

Advertisement

SpringerLink
Log in

Upregulation of relaxin receptors in the PDL by biophysical force

  • Original Article
  • Published:
Clinical Oral Investigations Aims and scope Submit manuscript

Abstract

Objectives

We have previously reported that relaxin (Rln) expression from the ovary is upregulated by orthodontic tooth movement. This study was performed to test the hypothesis that Rln family peptides (Rxfps), the G-protein-coupled Rln receptor, is induced in periodontal ligament (PDL) cells to modulate the molecules involved in periodontal tissue remodeling while applying biophysical force.

Materials and methods

Rats were implanted with orthodontic appliances to investigate changes to Rxfps in vivo. An in vitro biophysical force analysis was performed to measure the level of Rxfp 1 messenger RNA (mRNA) in primary human PDL cells.

Results

The levels of Rxfp 2 transcription and translation increased in a time-dependent manner during tooth movement. Rxfp 2 was localized in the PDL by immunofluorescence. In vitro analyses revealed that the level of Rxfp 1 mRNA in PDL cells increased significantly with both compression and tension force. The levels of matrix metalloproteinase (MMP)-1, MMP-2, interleukin-6, and vascular endothelial growth factor mRNA, which are important for periodontal tissue remodeling, also changed under force application and Rln treatment.

Conclusions

PDL cells responded to Rln to modulate effector molecules for periodontal tissue remodeling by upregulating Rxfps expression under a biophysical force.

Clinical relevance

Rln and Rxfps may serve as a PDL turnover molecule complex to control orthodontic tooth movement.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this article

Log in via an institution

Price excludes VAT (USA)
Tax calculation will be finalised during checkout.

Instant access to the full article PDF.

Institutional subscriptions

Fig. 1
Fig. 2
Fig. 3
Fig. 4
Fig. 5

Similar content being viewed by others

References

  1. Nakagawa M, Kukita T, Nakasima A, Kurisu K (1994) Expression of the type I collagen gene in rat periodontal ligament during tooth movement as revealed by in situ hybridization. Arch Oral Biol 39(4):289–294

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  2. Krishnan V, Davidovitch Z (2006) Cellular, molecular, and tissue-level reactions to orthodontic force. Am J Orthod Dentofacial Orthop 129(4):469 e1–32

    Article  Google Scholar 

  3. Bathgate RA, Halls ML, van der Westhuizen ET, Callander GE, Kocan M et al (2013) Relaxin family peptides and their receptors. Physiol Rev 93(1):405–480

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  4. Ferlin A, Pepe A, Facciolli A, Gianesello L, Foresta C (2010) Relaxin stimulates osteoclast differentiation and activation. Bone 46(2):504–513

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  5. Kong RC, Shilling PJ, Lobb DK, Gooley PR, Bathgate RA (2010) Membrane receptors: structure and function of the relaxin family peptide receptors. Mol Cell Endocrinol 320(1–2):1–15

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  6. Lopatiene K, Dumbravaite A (2008) Risk factors of root resorption after orthodontic treatment. Stomatologija 10(3):89–95

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  7. Ngom PI, Benoist HM, Soulier-Peigue D, Niang A (2010) Reciprocal relationships between orthodontics and periodontics: relevance of a synergistic action. Orthod Fr 81(1):41–58

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  8. Soma S, Matsumoto S, Higuchi Y, Takano-Yamamoto T, Yamashita K, Kurisu K et al (2000) Local and chronic application of PTH accelerates tooth movement in rats. J Dent Res 79(9):1717–1724

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  9. Poosti M, Basafa M, Eslami N (2009) Progesterone effects on experimental tooth movement in rabbits. J Calif Dent Assoc 37(7):483–486

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  10. Henneman S, Bildt MM, deGroot J, Kuijpers-Jagtman AM, Von den Hoff JW (2008) Relaxin stimulates MMP-2 and α-smooth actin expression by human periodontal ligament cells. Arch Oral Biol 53:161–167

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  11. Takano M, Yamaguchi M, Nakajima R, Fujit S, Kojima T, Kasai K (2009) Effects of relaxin on collagen type I released by stretched human periodontal ligament cells. Orthod Craniofac Res 12:282–288

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  12. Hirate Y, Yamaguchi M, Kasai K (2012) Effects of relaxin on relapse and periodontal tissue remodeling after experimental tooth movement in rats. Connect Tissue Res 53(3):207–219

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  13. Liu ZJ, King GJ, Gu GM, Shin JY, Stewart DR (2005) Does human relaxin accelerate orthodontic tooth movement in rats? Ann N Y Acad Sci 1041:388–394

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  14. Madan MS, Liu ZJ, Gu GM, King GJ (2007) Effects of human relaxin on orthodontic tooth movement and periodontal ligaments in rats. Am J Orthod Dentofacial Orthop 131(1):8.e1–10

    Article  Google Scholar 

  15. McGorray SP, Dolce C, Kramer S, Stewart D, Wheeler TT (2012) A randomized, placebo-controlled clinical trial on the effects of recombinant human relaxin on tooth movement and short-term stability. Am J Orthod Dentofacial Orthop 141(2):196–203

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  16. Yang SY, Ko HM, Kang JH, Moon YH, Yoo HI, Jung NR et al (2011) Relaxin is up-regulated in the rat ovary by orthodontic tooth movement. Eur J Oral Sci 119(2):115–120

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  17. Ren Y, Maltha JC, Kuijpers-Jagtman AM (2004) The rat as a model for orthodontic tooth movement—a critical review and a proposed solution. Eur J Orthod 26(5):483–490

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  18. Viecilli RF, Katona TR, Chen J, Hartsfield JK Jr, Roberts WE (2008) Three-dimensional mechanical environment of orthodontic tooth movement and root resorption. Am J Orthod Dentofacial Orthop 133(6):791.e11–26

    Article  Google Scholar 

  19. Fill TS, Carey JP, Toogood RW, Major PW (2011) Experimentally determined mechanical properties and models for the periodontal ligament: critical review of current literature. J Dent Biomech 2011:1–6

    Google Scholar 

  20. Fill TS, Toogood RW, Major PW, Carey JP (2012) Analytically determined mechanical properties of, and models for the periodontal ligament: critical review of literature. J Biomech 45(1):9–16

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  21. Natali AN, Pavan PG, Scarpa C (2004) Numerical analysis of tooth mobility: formulation of a non-linear constitutive law for the periodontal ligament. Dent Mater 20(7):623–629

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  22. Gosset M, Berenbaum F, Levy A, Pigenet A, Thirion S, Saffar JL, Jacques C (2006) Prostaglandin E2 synthesis in cartilage explants under compression: mPGES-1 is a mechanosensitive gene. Arthritis Res Ther 8(4):R135

    Article  PubMed Central  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  23. Li Y, Li M, Tan L, Huang S, Zhao L, Tang T, Liu J, Zhao Z (2013) Analysis of time-course gene expression profiles of a periodontal ligament tissue model under compression. Arch Oral Biol 58:511–522

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  24. Yousefian J, Firouzian F, Shanfeld J, Ngan P, Lanese R, Davidovitch Z (1995) A new experimental model for studying the response of periodontal ligament cells to hydrostatic pressure. Am J Orthod Dentofacial Orthop 108(4):402–409

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  25. Schwarz AM (1932) Tissue changes incidental to orthodontic tooth movement. Int J Orthod 18:331–340

    Google Scholar 

  26. Brown TD (2000) Techniques for mechanical stimulation of cells in vitro: a review. J Biomech 33(1):3–14

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  27. Wang Y, Cai LQ, Nugraha B, Gao Y, Liang LH (2013) Current hydrogel solutions for repairing and regeneration of complex tissues. Curr Med Chem [Epub ahead of print]

  28. Hsu SY, Nakabayashi K, Nishi S, Kumagai J, Kudo M, Sherwood OD et al (2002) Activation of orphan receptors by the hormone relaxin. Science 295(5555):671–674

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  29. Halls ML, Bathgate RA, Summers RJ (2006) Relaxin family peptide receptors RXFP1 and RXFP2 modulate cAMP signaling by distinct mechanisms. Mol Pharmacol 70(1):214–226

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  30. Bryant-Greenwood GD, Yamamoto SY, Sadowsky DW, Gravett MG, Novy MJ (2009) Relaxin stimulates interleukin-6 and interleukin-8 secretion from the extraplacental chorionic cytotrophoblast. Placenta 30(7):599–606

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  31. Horton JS, Yamamoto SY, Bryant-Greenwood GD (2011) Relaxin modulates proinflammatory cytokine secretion from human decidual macrophages. Biol Reprod 85(4):788–797

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  32. Abdel Meguid MH, Hamad YH, Swilam RS, Barakat MS (2013) Relation of interleukin-6 in rheumatoid arthritis patients to systemic bone loss and structural bone damage. Rheumatol Int 33(3):697–703

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  33. Goldman WH (2012) Mechanotransduction in cells. Cell Biol Int 36:567–570

    Article  Google Scholar 

  34. Ferlin A, Perilli L, Gianesello L, Taglialavoro G, Foresta C (2011) Profiling insulin like factor 3 (INSL3) signaling in human osteoblasts. PLoS One 6(12):e29733

    Article  PubMed Central  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Download references

Acknowledgments

This work was supported by the National Research Foundation of Korea Grant funded by the Korean Government (2009-0069147) and the National Research Foundation of Korea (NRF) grant, funded by the Korea government (MSIP) (2011-0030121).

Conflict of interest

The authors declare no potential conflicts of interest with respect to the authorship and/or publication of this article.

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

  1. Dental Science Research Institute, Department of Oral Anatomy, School of Dentistry, Chonnam National University, Gwangju, 500-757, South Korea

    S. Y. Yang, J. W. Kim, S. Y. Lee, J. H. Kang, U. Ulziisaikhan, H. I. Yoo, J. S. Moon, M. S. Kim & S. H. Kim

  2. Department of Dental Hygiene, Chodang University, Jeollanam-do, South Korea

    Y. H. Moon

  3. Department of Microbiology, College of Medicine, Seonam University, Namwon, South Korea

    H. M. Ko

Authors
  1. S. Y. Yang
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  2. J. W. Kim
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  3. S. Y. Lee
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  4. J. H. Kang
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  5. U. Ulziisaikhan
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  6. H. I. Yoo
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  7. Y. H. Moon
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  8. J. S. Moon
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  9. H. M. Ko
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  10. M. S. Kim
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  11. S. H. Kim
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

Corresponding author

Correspondence to S. H. Kim.

Additional information

J.W. Kim contributed to this work equally to the first author.

Electronic supplementary material

Below is the link to the electronic supplementary material.

ESM 1

(GIF 186 kb)

High resolution image (TIFF 532 kb)

ESM 2

(GIF 45 kb)

High resolution image (TIFF 3744 kb)

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

About this article

Check for updates. Verify currency and authenticity via CrossMark

Cite this article

Yang, S.Y., Kim, J.W., Lee, S.Y. et al. Upregulation of relaxin receptors in the PDL by biophysical force. Clin Oral Invest 19, 657–665 (2015). https://doi.org/10.1007/s00784-014-1276-4

Download citation

  • Received:

  • Accepted:

  • Published:

  • Issue Date:

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s00784-014-1276-4

Keywords

Search

Navigation