Abstract
Reduced bone mineral density (BMD) is present in many women with Turner syndrome (TS), and hypo-estrogenism is known to play a vital role in bone mineralization disturbances. It has been suggested that genetic factors play an important role in the regulation of BMD. The aim of this study was to analyze the association between Pvu II and XbaI ER-α polymorphisms and BMD in TS patients subjected to estroprogestagen (EP) treatment. Thirty-two TS patients aged 17–38 (mean age 22.7 ± 8.2) along with 82 healthy controls were the subjects for this study. Baseline values of hormonal parameters, BMD and bone density markers were measured in the subjects. Subsequently, TS patients underwent 4 years of EP therapy. The results of laboratory parameters and BMD were analyzed in regard to PvuII and XbaI polymorphic variants of the ER-α gene. The increase in BMD of TS subjects was the highest in the 1st (7.5%, p = 0.013) and 2nd (6.6%, p = 0.008) years of treatment. Four years of EP therapy was reflected by a significant increase in BMD z-scores in patients with xx and Xx genotypes of the XbaI gene and in those with with the pp and Pp genotypes of PvuII. In patients with haplotypes other than XXPP, BMD z-scores were significantly higher compared to their baseline after 2 (p = 0.002), 3 (p < 0.001) and 4 (p < 0.001) years of treatment. In conclusion, genotypes xx and pp were shown to be prognostic markers of a good response to EP treatment, whereas the XXPP haplotype carriers were revealed to have the risk factors for insufficient responsiveness against EP treatment in BMD control.
Similar content being viewed by others
References
Wiśniewski A (1993) Women with Turner’s syndrome are among your patients. Klinika 7:40–43
Gravholt CH, Juul S, Naeraa RW, Hansen J (1996) Prenatal and postnatal prevalence of Turner’s syndrome: a registry study. Br Med J 312:16–21
Gravholt CH, Svenstrup B, Bennet P, Sandahl Christiansen J (1999) Reduced androgen levels in adult Turner syndrome: influence of female sex steroids and growth hormone status. Clin Endocrinol 50:791–800
Landin-Wilhemsen K, Bryman I, Windh M, Wilhelmsen L (1999) Osteoporosis and fractures in Turner syndrome: importance of growth promoting and oestrogen therapy. Clin Endocrinol 51:497–502
Even L, Bronstein V, Hochberg Z (1998) Bone maturation in girls with Turner’s syndrome. Eur J Endocrinol 138:59–62
Bakalov VK, Bondy CA (2008) Fracture risk and bone mineral density in Turner syndrome. Rev Endocr Metab Disord 9:145–151
Costa AM, Lemos-Marini SH, Baptista MT, Morcillo AM, Maciel-Guerra AT, Guerra G (2002) Bone mineralization in Turner syndrome: a transverse study of the determinant factors in 58 patients. J Bone Miner Metab 20:294–297
Rubin K (1998) Turner syndrome and osteoporosis: mechanism and prognosis. Pediatrics 102:481–485
Davies MC, Gulekli B, Jacobs HS (1995) Osteoporosis in Turner’s syndrome and other forms of primary amenorrhea. Clin Endocrinol 43:741–746
Naeraa RW, Brixen K, Hansen RM, Hasling C, Mosekilde L, Andresen JH, Charles P, Nielsen J (1991) Skeletal size and bone mineral content in Turner’s syndrome: relation to karyotype, estrogen treatment, physical fitness and bone turnover. Calc Tiss Int 49:77–83
Novack DV (2007) Estrogen and bone: osteoclasts take center stage. Cell Metab 6:254–256
Krum SA, Brown M (2008) Unraveling estrogen action in osteoporosis. Cell Cycle 7:1348–1352
Suganuma N, Furuhashi M, Hirooka T, Moriwaki T, Hasegawa Y, Mori O, Ogawa M (2003) Bone mineral density in adult patients with Turner’s syndrome: analyses of the effectiveness of GH and ovarian steroids hormone replacement therapies. Endocr J 50:263–269
Willing M, Sowers M, Aron D, Clark MK, Burns T, Bunten C, Crutchfield M, D’Agostino D, Jannausch M (1998) Bone mineral density and its change in white women: estrogen and vitamin D receptor genotypes and their interaction. J Bone Miner Res 13:695–705
Gennari L, Becherini L, Masi L, Mansani R, Gonnelli S, Cepollaro C, Martini S, Montagnani A, Lentini G, Becorpi AM, Brandi ML (1998) Vitamin D and estrogen receptor allelic variants in Italian postmenopausal women: evidence of multiple gene contribution to bone mineral density. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 83:939–944
Sowers M, Jannausch ML, Liang W, Willing M (2004) Estrogen receptor genotypes and their association with the 10-year changes in bone mineral density and osteocalcin concentrations. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 89:733–739
Nearaa RW, Nielsen J, Kastrup KW (1993) Growth hormone and 17-β estradiol treatment of Turner girls—2-year results. Eur J Pediatr 153:72–77
Igarashi Y, Ogawa E, Fujieda K, Tanaka T (1993) Treatment of Turner syndrome with transdermal 17-β-estradiol. In: Hibi I, Takano K (eds) Basic and clinical approach to Turner syndrome. Elsevier, Amsterdam, pp 197–202
Sowińska-Przepiera E, Andrysiak-Mamos E, Friebe Z, Kapczuk K, Pilarska K (2005) The effect of primary lack of estrogens and the influence of the age at the beginning of estrogen therapy on bone mineral density in patients with Turner’s syndrome. Pol J Endocrinol 56:145–153
Tanner JM, Whitehouse RH, Marshal WA, Carter BS (1975) Prediction of adult height from height, bone age, and occurrence of menarche, at ages 4 to 16 with allowance for midparent height. Arch Dis Child 50:14–26
Ross JL, Cassorla FG, Skerda MC et al (1983) A preliminary study of the effect of estrogen dose on growth in Turner’s syndrome. N Engl J Med 309:1104–1106
Carling T, Rastad J, Kindmark A, Lundgren E, Ljunghall S, Akerström G (1997) Estrogen receptor gene polymorphism in postmenopausal primary hyperparathyroidism. Surgery 122:1101–1105
Aycan Z, Cetinkaya E, Darendeliler F, Vidinlisan S, Bas F, Bideci A, Demirel F, Darcan S, Buyukgebiz A, Yildiz M, Berberoglu M, Bundak R (2008) The effect of growth hormone treatment on bone mineral density in prepubertal girls with Turner syndrome: a multicentre prospective clinical trial. Clin Endocrinol 68:769–772
Syed F, Khosla S (2005) Mechanisms of sex steroid effects on bone. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 328:688–696
Zuckerman-Levin N, Frolova-Bishara T, Militianu D, Levin M, Aharon-Peretz J, Hochberg Z (2009) Androgen replacement therapy in Turner syndrome: a pilot study. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 94:4820–4827
Vanderschueren D, Vandenput L, Boonen S, Lindberg MK, Bouillon R, Ohlsson C (2004) Androgenes and bone. Endocr Rev 25:389–425
Roddam AW, Appleby P, Neale R, Dowsett M, Folkerd E, Tipper S, Allen NE, Key TJ (2009) Association between endogenous plasma hormone concentrations and fracture risk in men and women: the EPIC-Oxford prospective cohort study. J Bone Miner Metab 27:485–493
Gallicchio CT, Figueiredo-Alves ST, Prendin Tortora R, Mendonça LM, Farias ML, Guimarães MM (2004) Effect of puberty on the relationship between bone markers of turnover and bone mineral density in Turner’s syndrome. Horm Res 61:193–199
Khastgir G, Studd JW, Fox SW, Jones J, Alaghband-Zadeh J, Chow JW (2003) A longitudinal study of the effect of subcutaneous estrogen replacement on bone subcutaneous estrogen replacement on bone in young women with Turner’s syndrome. J Bone Miner Res 18:925–932
Suuriniemi M, Mahonen A, Kovanen V, Alén M, Cheng S (2003) Relation of PvuII site polymorphism in the COL1A2 gene to the risk of fractures in prepubertal Finnish girls. Physiol Genomics 14:217–224
Kobayashi N, Fujino T, Shirogane T, Furuta I, Kobamatsu Y, Yaegashi M, Sakuragi N, Fujimoto S (2002) Estrogen receptor alpha polymorphism as a genetic marker for bone loss, vertebral fractures and susceptibility to estrogen. Maturitas 41:193–201
Seremak-Mrozikiewicz A, Drews K, Bartkowiak-Wieczorek J, Kurzawińska G, Pieńkowski W, Spaczyński M, Mrozikiewicz PM (2005) PvuII genetic polymorphism of estrogen receptor alpha in the group of postmenopausal women with osteopenia and osteoporosis. Ginekol Pol 76:679–686
Brodowska A, Starczewski A, Brodowski J, Szydłowska I, Nawrocka-Rutkowska J (2009) The bone mass density in postmenopausal women using hormonal replacement therapy in relation to polymorphism in vitamin D receptor and estrogen receptor genes. Gynecol Endocrinol 25:315–323
Bandres E, Pombo I, Gonzalez-Huarriz M, Rebollo A, López G, García-Foncillas J (2005) Association between bone mineral density and polymorphisms of the VDR, ERalpha, COL1A1 and CTR genes in Spanish postmenopausal women. J Endocrinol Invest 28:312–321
Qin YJ, Zhang ZL, Huang QR, He JM, Hu YQ, Zhao Q, Lu JH, Li M, Liu YJ (2004) Association of vitamin D receptor and estrogen receptor-alpha gene polymorphism with peak bone mass and bone size in Chinese women. Acta Pharmacol Sin 25:462–468
Albagha OM, McGuigan FE, Reid DM, Ralston SH (2001) Estrogen receptor-α gene polymorphisms and bone mineral density: haplotype analysis in women from the United Kingdom. J Bone Miner Res 16:128–134
Deng HW, Li J, Li JL, Johnson M, Gong G, Davis KM, Recker RR (1998) Change of bone mass in postmenopausal Caucasian women with and without hormone replacement therapy is associated with vitamin D receptor and estrogen receptor genotypes. Hum Genet 103:576–585
Silvestri S, Thomsen AB, Gozzini A, Bagger Y, Christiansen C, Brandi ML (2006) Estrogen receptor alpha and beta polymorphisms: is there an association with bone mineral density, plasma lipids, and response to postmenopausal hormone therapy? Menopause 13:451–461
Greenspan SL, Bone HG, Ettinger MP, Hanley DA, Lindsay R, Zanchetta JR, Blosch CM, Mathisen AL, Morris SA, Marriott TB, Treatment of osteoporosis with Parathyroid Hormone Study Group et al (2007) Effect of recombinant human parathyroid hormone (1–84) on vertebral fracture and bone mineral density in postmenopausal women with osteoporosis: a randomized trial. Ann Intern Med 146:326–339
Girotra M, Rubin MR, Bilezikian JP (2006) Anabolic skeletal therapy for osteoporosis. Arq Bras Endocrinol Metabol 50:745–754
Martin-Millan M, Almeida M, Ambrogini E, Han L, Zhao H, Weinstein RS, Jilka RL, O’Brien CA, Manolagas SC (2010) The estrogen receptor-alpha in osteoclasts mediates the protective effects of estrogens on cancellous but not cortical bone. Mol Endocrinol 24:323–334
Xie H, Sun M, Liao XB, Yuan LQ, Sheng ZF, Meng JC, Wang D, Yu ZY, Zhang LY, Zhou HD, Luo XH, Li H, Wu XP, Wei QY, Tang SY, Wang ZY, Liao EY (2010) Estrogen receptor-alpha36 mediates a bone-sparing effect of 17beta-estrodiol in postmenopausal women. J Bone Miner Res [Epub ahead of print]
Orlić I, Borovecki F, Simić P, Vukicević S (2007) Gene expression profiling in bone tissue of osteoporotic mice. Arh Hig Rada Toksikol 1:3–11
Cleemann L, Hjerrild BE, Lauridsen AL, Heickendorff L, Christiansen JS, Mosekilde L, Gravholt CH (2009) Long-term hormone replacement therapy preserves bone mineral density in Turner syndrome. Eur J Endocrinol 161:251–257
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Corresponding author
About this article
Cite this article
Sowińska-Przepiera, E., Andrysiak-Mamos, E., Chełstowski, K. et al. Association between ER-α polymorphisms and bone mineral density in patients with Turner syndrome subjected to estroprogestagen treatment—a pilot study. J Bone Miner Metab 29, 484–492 (2011). https://doi.org/10.1007/s00774-010-0247-3
Received:
Accepted:
Published:
Issue Date:
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s00774-010-0247-3