Skip to main content
Log in

Diagnostik und Therapie der systemischen Mastozytose

Diagnosis and treatment of systemic mastocytosis

  • Leitthema
  • Published:
Die Onkologie Aims and scope

Zusammenfassung

Hintergrund

Die systemische Mastozytose (SM) ist eine klonale Stammzellerkrankung mit heterogenem klinischem Erscheinungsbild und Prognose.

Ziel

Im vorliegenden Artikel werden Diagnostik, Prognosemodelle und Therapieoptionen bei der SM erörtert.

Material und Methoden

Es handelt sich um eine selektive Literaturrecherche und Auswertungen des eigenen Patientenkollektivs.

Ergebnisse

Während Patienten mit einer indolenten Verlaufsform eine normale Lebenserwartung haben, ist das Überleben bei Patienten mit fortgeschrittener Erkrankung (AdvSM) oft eingeschränkt. Blutbild- und Leberwertveränderungen finden sich insbesondere bei der AdvSM, eine Erhöhung der Serumtryptase ist i. d. R. in allen Verlaufsformen zu beobachten, was sich auch in den Diagnosekriterien widerspiegelt. Klinische Symptome treten unabhängig von der Krankheitsschwere in allen Subentitäten auf, sodass eine symptomatische Therapie (u. a. Antihistaminika, Mastzellstabilisatoren, Cortison) je nach der Klinik bei der indolenten SM und bei der AdvSM Anwendung findet. Demgegenüber ist der Einsatz von KIT-Inhibitoren (Nachweis einer KIT-Mutation, v. a. KIT D816V in > 90 %) i. d. R. Patienten mit AdvSM vorbehalten. Der Multikinaseinhibitor Midostaurin und der spezifische KIT-Inhibitor Avapritinib (ab der Zweitlinie) verbessern hier die mastzellbedingte Organdysfunktion.

Schlussfolgerung

Die variable Klinik macht Diagnostik und Therapie der SM zu einer Herausforderung, eine interdisziplinäre Beurteilung je nach führender Symptomatik ist daher erforderlich. Die KIT-Inhibitortherapie hat zu einer signifikanten Verbesserung der Prognose von AdvSM-Patienten geführt, einzig kurative Therapie bleibt jedoch weiterhin die allogene Stammzelltransplantation in bestmöglicher Remission.

Abstract

Background

Systemic mastocytosis (SM) is a clonal stem cell disorder with a wide range of clinical manifestations and a heterogeneous prognosis.

Aims

To elucidate diagnostic challenges, prognostic models, and therapeutic options in this rare disease.

Materials and methods

Review of the literature and an analysis of our own patient cohort.

Results

Whereas patients with indolent forms of SM have a normal life expectancy, patients with advanced phase disease (AdvSM) have a significantly decreased life span. Besides blood count or liver function abnormalities usually seen in AdvSM, elevated serum tryptase levels are present in virtually all patients, thus, making this parameter a diagnostic criterion of SM. Clinical symptoms may be present in all subentities and usually do not correlate with disease severity. Thus, symptomatic therapy (e.g., antihistaminics, mast cell stabilizers, steroids) may be applied in all patients. Use of KIT inhibitors (detection of a KIT D816V mutation; present in > 90% of patients with SM) are currently only approved for patients with AdvSM. The oral multikinase inhibitor midostaurin and the newly available KIT inhibitor avapritinib are effective against mast-cell-related organ dysfunction.

Conclusion

The heterogeneity of the disease makes diagnosis and treatment of SM challenging and patients should be followed interdisciplinary. Novel KIT inhibitors have significantly improved overall survival and symptoms in patients with AdvSM; however, allogeneic stem cell transplantation currently remains the only curative option and should be performed in an optimal remission.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this article

Price excludes VAT (USA)
Tax calculation will be finalised during checkout.

Instant access to the full article PDF.

Institutional subscriptions

Abb. 1
Abb. 2
Abb. 3

Literatur

  1. Barete S, Lortholary O, Damaj G et al (2015) Long-term efficacy and safety of cladribine (2-CdA) in adult patients with mastocytosis. Blood 126:1009–1016 (quiz 1050)

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  2. Broesby-Olsen S, Vestergaard H, Mortz CG et al (2018) Omalizumab prevents anaphylaxis and improves symptoms in systemic mastocytosis: efficacy and safety observations. Allergy 73:230–238

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  3. Deangelo DJ, George TI, Linder A et al (2018) Efficacy and safety of midostaurin in patients with advanced systemic mastocytosis: 10-year median follow-up of a phase II trial. Leukemia 32:470–478

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  4. Gotlib J, Kluin-Nelemans HC, George TI et al (2016) Efficacy and safety of midostaurin in advanced systemic mastocytosis. N Engl J Med 374:2530–2541

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  5. Gotlib J, Reiter A, Radia DH et al (2021) Efficacy and safety of avapritinib in advanced systemic mastocytosis: interim analysis of the phase 2 PATHFINDER trial. Nat Med 27:2192–2199

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  6. Hoermann G, Sotlar K, Jawhar M et al (2022) Standards of genetic testing in the diagnosis and prognostication of systemic mastocytosis in 2022: recommendations of the EU-US cooperative group. J Allergy Clin Immunol Pract 10:1953–1963

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  7. Jawhar M, Schwaab J, Alvarez-Twose I et al (2019) MARS: mutation-adjusted risk score for advanced systemic mastocytosis. J Clin Oncol. https://doi.org/10.1200/JCO.19.00640

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  8. Jawhar M, Schwaab J, Meggendorfer M et al (2017) The clinical and molecular diversity of mast cell leukemia with or without associated hematologic neoplasm. Haematologica 102:1035–1043

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  9. Jawhar M, Schwaab J, Naumann N et al (2017) Response and progression on midostaurin in advanced systemic mastocytosis: KIT D816V and other molecular markers. Blood 130:137–145

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  10. Jendoubi F, Gaudenzio N, Gallini A et al (2020) Omalizumab in the treatment of adult patients with mastocytosis: a systematic review. Clin Exp Allergy 50:654–661

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  11. Khoury JD, Solary E, Abla O et al (2022) The 5th edition of the World Health Organization classification of haematolymphoid tumours: myeloid and histiocytic/dendritic neoplasms. Leukemia 36:1703–1719

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  12. Kluin-Nelemans HC, Reiter A, Illerhaus A et al (2019) Prognostic impact of eosinophils in mastocytosis: analysis of 2350 patients collected in the ECNM Registry. Leukemia 34(4):1090–1101. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41375-019-0632-4

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  13. Lubke J, Schwaab J, Naumann N et al (2022) Superior efficacy of midostaurin over Cladribine in advanced systemic mastocytosis: a registry-based analysis. J Clin Oncol 40:1783–1794

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  14. Mannelli F, Gesullo F, Rotunno G et al (2019) Validation of the Mayo alliance prognostic system for mastocytosis. Blood Cancer J 9:18

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  15. Munoz-Gonzalez JI, Alvarez-Twose I, Jara-Acevedo M et al (2021) Proposed global prognostic score for systemic mastocytosis: a retrospective prognostic modelling study. Lancet Haematol 8:e194–e204

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  16. Naumann N, Jawhar M, Schwaab J et al (2018) Incidence and prognostic impact of cytogenetic aberrations in patients with systemic mastocytosis. Genes Chromosomes Cancer 57:252–259

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  17. Pardanani A (2021) Systemic mastocytosis in adults: 2021 Update on diagnosis, risk stratification and management. Am J Hematol 96:508–525

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  18. Schwaab J, Cabral DOHN, Naumann N et al (2020) Importance of adequate diagnostic workup for correct diagnosis of advanced systemic mastocytosis. J Allergy Clin Immunol Pract 8:3121–3127.e1

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  19. Sotlar K, George TI, Kluin P et al (2022) Standards of pathology in the diagnosis of systemic mastocytosis: recommendations of the EU-US cooperative group. J Allergy Clin Immunol Pract 10:1986–1998e2

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  20. Sperr WR, Kundi M, Alvarez-Twose I et al (2019) International prognostic scoring system for mastocytosis (IPSM): a retrospective cohort study. Lancet Haematol 6:e638–e649

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  21. Ustun C, Gotlib J, Popat U et al (2016) Consensus opinion on allogeneic hematopoietic cell transplantation in advanced systemic mastocytosis. Biol Blood Marrow Transplant 22:1348–1356

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  22. Ustun C, Reiter A, Scott BL et al (2014) Hematopoietic stem-cell transplantation for advanced systemic mastocytosis. J Clin Oncol 32:3264–3274

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  23. Valent P, Horny HP, Escribano L et al (2001) Diagnostic criteria and classification of mastocytosis: a consensus proposal. Leuk Res 25:603–625

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Download references

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

Authors

Corresponding author

Correspondence to Juliana Schwaab.

Ethics declarations

Interessenkonflikt

J. Schwaab: Beratungstätigkeit Novartis, Astra Zeneca, Blueprint, Cogent; Honoraria: AOP, Novartis, Blueprint, GSK; Studienunterstützung: Blueprint, GSK. K. Hartmann: Forschungsförderung: Thermo Fisher; Honorare für Vorträge und Beratung: Allergopharma, ALK-Abelló, Blueprint, Deciphera, Leo, Menarini, Novartis, Pfizer, Sanofi, Takeda. H.-P. Horny gibt an, dass kein Interessenkonflikt besteht.

Für diesen Beitrag wurden von den Autor/-innen keine Studien an Menschen oder Tieren durchgeführt. Für die aufgeführten Studien gelten die jeweils dort angegebenen ethischen Richtlinien.

Additional information

figure qr

QR-Code scannen & Beitrag online lesen

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

About this article

Check for updates. Verify currency and authenticity via CrossMark

Cite this article

Schwaab, J., Horny, HP. & Hartmann, K. Diagnostik und Therapie der systemischen Mastozytose. Onkologie 29, 323–328 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1007/s00761-022-01269-7

Download citation

  • Accepted:

  • Published:

  • Issue Date:

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s00761-022-01269-7

Schlüsselwörter

Keywords

Navigation