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Cross-sectional evaluation of cognitive functioning in children, adolescents and young adults with ADHD

  • Biological Child and Adolescent Psychiatry - Original Article
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Abstract

Attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) often persists into adulthood, albeit with changes in clinical symptoms throughout the life span. Although effect sizes of neuropsychological deficits in ADHD are well established, developmental approaches have rarely been explored and little is yet known about age-dependent changes in cognitive dysfunction from childhood to adulthood. In this cross-sectional study, 20 male children (8–12 years), 20 adolescents (13–16 years), and 20 adults (18–40 years) with ADHD and a matched control group were investigated using six experimental paradigms tapping into different domains of cognitive dysfunction. Subjects with ADHD were more delay-aversive and showed deficits in time discrimination and time reproduction, but they were not impaired in working memory, interference control or time production. Independent of age, the most robust group differences were observed with respect to delay aversion and time reproduction, pointing to persistent dysfunction in the mesolimbic reward circuitry and in the frontal-striatal-cerebellar timing system in subjects with ADHD. Across all tasks, effect sizes were lowest for adolescents with ADHD compared to age-matched controls. Developmental dissociations were found only for simple stimuli comparison, which was particularly impaired in ADHD children. Thus, in line with current multiple-pathway approaches to ADHD, our data suggest that deficits in different cognitive domains are persistent across the lifespan, albeit less pronounced in adolescents with ADHD.

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Acknowledgments

This study was supported by a grant to K.K., S.C.H. and B.H–D. by the Interdisciplinary Center of Clinical Research Aachen (IZKF N65) in Germany. K.K., B.H.-D. gratefully acknowledge further support by the Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft (DFG-KFO112-II, TP 5).

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, University of Rostock, Gehlsheimer Straße 20, 18147, Rostock, Germany

    Ivo Marx, Christoph Berger & Erik Reuter

  2. Technical University of Dresden, Würzburger Straße 35, 01187, Dresden, Germany

    Thomas Hübner

  3. Department of General Psychiatry, University of Heidelberg, Vossstraße 2, 69115, Heidelberg, Germany

    Sabine C. Herpertz

  4. Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, University of Marburg, Rudolf-Bultmann-Straße 8, 35039, Marburg, Germany

    Tilo Kircher

  5. RWTH Aachen University Hospital, Neuenhofer Weg 21, 52074, Aachen, Germany

    Beate Herpertz-Dahlmann & Kerstin Konrad

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Marx, I., Hübner, T., Herpertz, S.C. et al. Cross-sectional evaluation of cognitive functioning in children, adolescents and young adults with ADHD. J Neural Transm 117, 403–419 (2010). https://doi.org/10.1007/s00702-009-0345-3

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