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RETRACTED ARTICLE: 6-Mercaptopurine reverses experimental vasospasm and alleviates the production of endothelins in NO-independent mechanism—a laboratory study

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This article was retracted on 11 January 2024

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Abstract

Introduction

Increased endothelin-1 (ET-1) production and diminished nitric oxide synthase (NOS) bioavailability has been observed in aneurysmal subarachnoid hemorrhage (SAH). The authors previously found that 6-mercaptopurine (6-mp) is effective in preventing and reversing arterial narrowing in a rodent SAH model. This present study is of interest to examine the effect of 6-mp on ET-1/endothelial nitric oxide synthase (eNOS) in this animal model.

Methods

A rodent double hemorrhage SAH model was employed. Animals were randomly assigned to six groups (sham, SAH only, vehicle, 0.5, 1.0 and 2 mg kg−1 day−1 6-mp treatment). Monoclonal CD45 immunostaining was utilized to evaluate monocytes and microglia. The level of pro-inflammatory cytokines, such as IL-1, IL-6 and TNF-α(RT-PCR), and ET-1 (ELISA) was measured. The basilar arteries (BAs) were harvested and sliced, and their cross-sectional areas were determined. Radiolabeled NOS assay kit was applied to detect eNOS.

Results

Morphologically, convolution of internal elastic lamina, endothelial cells distortion, and necrotic smooth muscle were prevalently present in the basilar artery of SAH groups, which was absent in the 1 and 2 mg kg−1 day−1 6-mp plus SAH group or the healthy controls. Significant vasospasm was noted in the vehicle group (lumen patency, 54.6%, p ≤ 0.01 compared with the sham group), but it was less prominent in the 2 mg kg−1 day−1 6-mp treatment group (lumen patency, 87.6%, p < 0.05). In addition, administration with 2 mg kg−1 day−1 6-mp reduced cytokine levels by 11%, 47%, and 34% for IL-1, IL-6, and TNF-α, respectively, and increased ET-1 levels were found in all the animals subject to SAH (SAH only, SAH plus vehicle, SAH plus 0.5 and 1.0 mg kg−1 day−1 6-mp) except in the 2 mg kg−1 day−1 6-mp SAH group, when compared with the healthy controls (no SAH). Meanwhile, treatment with 6-mp did not induce the levels of expressed eNOS in BAs in the 6-mp groups (0.5, 1.0, and 2 mg kg−1 day−1 6-mp plus SAH) when compared with that in the SAH groups (p > 0.1).

Conclusion

In summary, treatment with 6-mp decreased the release of pro-inflammatory cytokines and diminished experimental vasospasm. This study offered first evidence that 6-mp dose-dependently reduces the level of ET-1 in a NO-independent mechanism, which corresponds to its antivasospastic effect in the condition of chronic vasospasm.

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Abbreviations

BA:

Basilar artery

CTA:

Computed tomography angiography

DIND:

Delayed ischemic neurological deficit

DNA analogue:

Deoxyribonucleic acid

eNOS:

Endothelial nitric oxide synthase

EDTA:

Ethylenediaminetetraacetates

ET-1:

Endothelin-1

HEPES:

4-(2-hydroxyethyl)-1-piperazineethanesulfonic acid

IEL:

Internal elastic lamina

IL-1 and IL-6:

Interleukin-1 and interleukin-6

12LO:

12 lipoxygenase

NF-κB:

Nuclear factor-κ B

eNOS:

Endothelial nitric oxide synthase

PBS:

Phosphate-buffered saline

SAH:

Subarachnoid hemorrhage

TNF-α:

Tumor necrotic factor-α

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. Department of Surgery, College of Medicine, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan, Republic of China

    Chih-Zen Chang, Aij-Lie Kwan, Chih-Long Lin & Shiuh-Lin Hwang

  2. Department of Neurosurgery, Kaohsiung Medical University Hospital, No. 100, Tzyou 1st Road, Kaohsiung, Taiwan, Republic of China

    Chih-Zen Chang, Shu-Chuan Wu, Aij-Lie Kwan, Chih-Long Lin & Shiuh-Lin Hwang

  3. Department of Surgery, Kaohsiung Municipal Ta-Tung Hospital, Kaohsiung, Taiwan, Republic of China

    Chih-Zen Chang

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This article has been retracted. Please see the retraction notice for more detail: https://doi.org/10.1007/s00701-024-05905-6

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Chang, CZ., Wu, SC., Kwan, AL. et al. RETRACTED ARTICLE: 6-Mercaptopurine reverses experimental vasospasm and alleviates the production of endothelins in NO-independent mechanism—a laboratory study. Acta Neurochir 153, 939–949 (2011). https://doi.org/10.1007/s00701-010-0865-5

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  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s00701-010-0865-5

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