Abstract
In Croatia and the surrounding area, the genus Iris is represented with about 20 Alpine-Dinaric, Mediterranean and Pannonian taxa from the subgenera Iris and Limniris. We researched pollen morphology of all taxa by using scanning electron microscopy. All pollen grains are sulcate with few palynological features, which could have taxonomic importance on different classification levels: shape of dry pollen grains; shape, outline and approximate size of hydrated pollen grains, approximate size of the sulcus, and ornamentation of the sulcus membrane and of the exine. At least four pollen types were recognised and taxonomically delimited to the series level: two characterise the subgenus Iris, section Iris (series Elatae and Pumilae), and two the subgenus Limniris, section Limniris (series Laevigatae, Sibiricae and Spuriae). Taxonomic implications of pollen morphology of their critical groups and taxa have been evaluated. Possible phylogenetic implications of pollen morphology of the genus Iris on the Southern European area were suggested: the subgenus Iris is more advanced than the subgenus Limniris; I. graminea seems to be the most primitive member of the subgenus Limniris on the Southern European territory; and pollen morphology of the population of the subspecies I. sibirica subsp. erirrhiza from the Mountain Bjelolasica could represent a link between the subgenera Limniris and Iris in the territory of Southern Europe. The possible pathway of evolution of the genus Iris on the territory of Southern Europe was suggested: from the subgenus Limniris, through the “linked taxon” I. sibirica subsp. erirrhiza from the Bjelolasica Mountain, to the subgenus Iris, series Pumilae, and finally to the series Elatae.
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Acknowledgments
The authors would like to thank Andrea Frosch-Radivo for technical assistance, Martina Weber for critical reading and improvement of the manuscript, Matthias Svojtka and Emel Oybak Dönmez for help with literature findings, and anonymous reviewers for their useful comments on the manuscript. We are also very grateful to many colleagues who helped us find some localities or collected some material for us. This study was partly supported by the Ministry of Science, Education and Sports of the Republic of Croatia (project 119-1191193-1227) and the Austrian Agency for International Cooperation in Education and Research (bilateral Austrian—Croatian project “The palynology of the Alpine—Dinaric endemic flora”).
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Appendix
Appendix
List of taxa (in alphabetical order) used for palynological analyses with voucher information: locality details (coordinates if recorded), collector number (if any), herbarium acronym according to the Index herbariorum (Thiers 2012), collector; endemic status and/or endangered status according to the International Union for Conservation of Nature (IUCN) Red List for Europe (Bilz et al. 2011) and/or country of voucher origin—if any. The first localities listed for each taxon are those that were selected for SEM micrographs.
Iris adriatica Trinajstić ex Mitić. Croatia: Dalmatia, Smričnjak hill, near the city of Šibenik (type locality) 43°45′09″, 15°52′41″, 113 ZA, coll. M. Milović, M. Mitić and B. Mitić; Croatia: Dalmatia, Bilice, Gvozdenovo hill 43°45′49″, 15°53′26″, 115 ZA, coll. M. Milović and B. Mitić; Croatia: Dalmatian Background, Unešić, Planjane Donje, Parati 43°47′11″, 16°08′25″, 116 ZA, coll. M. Milović, M. Radnić and B. Mitić; Croatia: Dalmatia, island of Vir 5510314, 4904265, s.n. ZA, coll. M. Milović; Croatia: Dalmatia, Zadar, Novi Bokanjac 5519072, 44888942, s.n. ZA, coll. M. Milović. Rare, National endemic plant, NT (Croatia).
Iris attica Boiss. & Heldr. Macedonia: Kozjak Mt 41°55′18″, 21°21′25″, 09/01 ZA, coll. V. Matevski and M. Kostadinovski; Macedonia: Kozjak Mt 41°53′24″, 21°13′30″, 09/02 ZA, coll. M. Kostadinovski; Macedonia: Kozjak Mt 41°53′14″, 21°12′49″, 09/03 ZA, coll. V. Matevski and M. Kostadinovski; Macedonia: Kozjak Mt 41°53′13″, 21°13′57″, 09/04 ZA, coll. V. Matevski and M. Kostadinovski; Macedonia: Kozjak Mt 41°52′40″, 21°12′45″, 09/05 ZA, coll. M. Kostadinovski; Macedonia: Vodno Mt 41°57′54″, 21°23′39″, coll. V. Matevski and M. Kostadinovski; 09/06 ZA, Macedonia: Vodno Mt 41°56′58″, 21°24′33″, 09/07 ZA, coll. V. Matevski, M. Kostadinovski and B. Mitić; Greece: Koziakas s.n., Botanical Garden of the University of, s.n. ZA, coll. W. Gutermann.
Iris aphylla L. Hungary, Bodrogszegi Várhegy 48°12′02″, 21°21′41″; Botanical Garden of the University of Innsbruck, s.n. ZA, coll.; Romania: Transilvania, Turda Mt, Chleira, 2008/41, s.n. ZA, coll. L. Solmlyay; Poland: 1634 Poznan, Botanical Garden of the University of Poznan, s.n. ZA. Rare, Limited endemic plant, DD (Bilz et al. 2011), EN (Hungary), CR (Slovakia).
Iris cengialtii Ambr. ex A. Kern. Italy: Rovereto, Baldo Mt (type locality) 45°45′30″, 11°40′00″, 33 ZA, coll. T. Nikolić; Slovenia: Bohinj lake, Komarča Mt 46°17′47″, 13°47′40″, 34 ZA, coll. I. Trinajstić, Z. Pavletić, M. Mitić and B. Mitić; Slovenia: near the city of Tolmin, Kobarid Mt 46º16′30″, 13º33′05″, 35 ZA, coll. B. Čušin and B. Mitić. Rare, VU (Italy).
Iris croatica Horvat et Horvat M. Croatia: Strahinjščica Mt 5567552, 5114879, 86 ZA; coll. M. Mitić and B. Mitić; Croatia: Samoborsko gorje, Oštrc peak 5548601, 5070246, 89 ZA, coll. M. Mitić and B. Mitić; Croatia: Cesargradska gora 5554785, 5103639, 91 ZA, coll. M. Mitić and B. Mitić. Rare, Limited endemic plant, VU (Croatia).
Iris germanica L. Croatia: Zagreb, Čučerje (near the city of Zagreb) 5581644, 5087548, ZA 93, coll. B. Mitić; Croatia: Zagreb, Botanical Garden of the University of Zagreb, 45°53′42″; 16°03′00″; ZA 92; coll. B. Mitić; Slovenia: Ljubljana, Botanical Garden of the University of Ljubljana, s.n. ZA; Germany: Kiel, Botanical Garden of the University of Kiel a/2008/44, s.n. ZA.
Iris graminea L. Croatia: Medvednica Mt, Vitelničke Stijene 5580222, 5084809; 29, ZA coll. R. Šoštarić; Croatia: Gorski Kotar, Ravna Gora 5577819, 5126202, s.n. ZA, coll. B. Mitić; Croatia: Strahinjščica Mt 5567552, 5114879, 26 ZA; coll. M. Mitić and B. Mitić.
Iris illyrica Tomm. Croatia: Croatian Primorje, Senj 44°49′00″, 14° 44′ 59″, 42 ZA, coll. M. Mitić and B. Mitić; Croatia: island of Krk, Stara Baška 44°57′26″; 14°41′37″, 46 ZA, coll. M. Mitić and B. Mitić; Croatia: Velebit Mt, National Park Paklenica 44°18′08″, 15°28′47″; 45 ZA, coll. T. Nikolić; Croatia: Istria, Plomin 45°08′ 22″, 14°10′ 50″, 43 ZA, coll. Z. Pavletić and I. Trinajstić; Croatia: Kvarner, Matulji 45°21′50″, 14°20′05″, 44 ZA, coll. B. Mitić; Croatia: Istria, Ćićarija 45°27′12″, 14°01′00″, 49 ZA, coll. B. Mitić; Croatia: Velebit Mt 44°22′07″, 15°28′46″; 47 ZA, coll. T. Nikolić.Limited endemic plant, LC (Croatia).
Iris pallida Lam. Croatia: Zagreb, Botanical Garden, 45°53′42″; 16°03′00″; BGZ 158, coll. B. Mitić; Croatia: Zagreb, Dubrava, private garden 45°49′55″, 16°03′30″, s.n. ZA, coll. B. Mitić; Croatia: Zagreb, Gajnice, private garden 45°55′12″, 16°02′55″, s.n. ZA, coll. B. Mitić; Croatia: Samobor, private garden 45°48′05″, 15°43′30″, s.n. ZA, coll. B. Mitić; Slovenia: Bled, private garden 46°21′00″, 14°06′55″, s.n. ZA, coll. Z. Pavletić, I. Trinajstić, M. Mitić and B. Mitić.
Iris pseudacorus L. Croatia: Draganići mere near the city of Karlovac, 45°33′59″; 15°38′21″, 27 ZA, coll. B. Mitić; Croatia: Slavonia, Papuk Mt 45°31′11″, 17°35′48″, s.n. ZA, coll. B. Mitić; Croatia: Turopolje 5578176, 5062374, s.n. ZA, coll. M. Mitić and B. Mitić; Croatia: Koprivnica, Repaš 5660705, 5111734, s.n. ZA, coll. M. Mitić and B. Mitić; Croatia: Turopolje, Kutina 5643976, 5025195, s.n. ZA, coll. M. Mitić and B. Mitić. LC (Bilz et al. 2011).
Iris pseudopallida Trinajstić. Croatia: half island Pelješac, Trstenik (type locality), 42°55′03″, 17°24′58″, 70 ZA, coll. N. Jasprica; Croatia: Dalmatia, Biokovo Mt, Kotišina 43°17′18″, 17°03′22″, 71 ZA, coll. N. Njire; Croatia: South Mediterranean, Dubrovnik 42°38′13″, 18°08′20″, 72 ZA, coll. N. Njire; Croatia: South Mediterranean, Konavle 42°32′18″, 18°17′32″, 73 ZA, coll. N. Njire; Croatia: Dalmatia, Marušići 43°24′50″, 16°46′42″, 75 ZA, coll. B. Mitić; Croatia: Dalmatia, Omiš 43°27′03″, 16°42′00″, 76 ZA, coll. B. Mitić. Limited endemic plant.
Iris pumila L. Hungary: Dorog, Gerecse Mt, 47°42′56″, 18°43′29″, 24 ZA, coll. N. Bauer; Hungary: Hajmásker, Bakony Mt 47°09′14″, 18°02′33″, 25 ZA, coll. N. Bauer; Hungary: Budaörs, Farkas Mt 5797183, 5266443, 20 ZA, coll. B. Mitić; Hungary: Balatonfüred, Támas hegy, 27 ZA, coll. N. Bauer; Austria: Lower Austria, Pfaffstätten, s.n. WU, coll. H. Halbritter; Austria: Lower Austria, Eichhogel 48°03′53″, 16°17′40″, s.n. ZA, coll. I. Belamarić; Austria: Botanical Garden of the University of Vienna—Alpine Garden, collected in very east of Austria—city of Hainburg, ALP 2008, s.n. ZA.
Iris reichenbachii Heuff.: Bosnia and Herzegovina: Kulen Vakuf, Botanical Garden of the University of Vienna, s.n.ZA; Macedonia: village of Pepelište 8614649, 5325639, 2008/29 ZA, coll. V. Matevski, M. Kostadinovski and B. Mitić; Macedonia: Kozjak -village of Nova Bistrica 8517489, 5324542, 2008/30 ZA, coll. V. Matevski, M. Kostadinovski and B. Mitić; Germany: Botanical Garden of the University of Bayreuth 23554 (Balkan, without locality), s.n. ZA; Macedonia: Kičevo, Kafčal, sn. MKNH, coll. V. Matevski, M. Kostadinovski. Rare, limited endemic plant.
Iris × rothschildii Degen (typus specimen). Croatia: Sinokos (type locality), Velebit Mountain, 44°31′32″, 15°07′10″, 135 ZA, coll. M. Mitić and B. Mitić; Rare, national endemic plant.
Iris × rothschildii Degen. Croatia: Sinokos, Velebit Mountain, 44°31′32″, 15°07′11″, 136 ZA, coll. B. Mitić; Croatia: Sinokos, Velebit Mountain, 44°31′32″, 15°07′12″, 137 ZA, coll. B. Mitić; Rare, national endemic plant.
Iris × sambucina L.: Croatia: Zagreb, Botanical Garden of the University of Zagreb 45°53′42″; 16°03′00″, 19 ZA, 21 ZA, 22 ZA, coll. B. Mitić; Croatia: Samobor, private garden 45°48′05″, 15°43′30″, s.n. ZA, coll. B. Mitić; Slovenia: Bled, private garden 46°21′00″, 14°06′55″, s.n. ZA, coll. Z. Pavletić, I. Trinajstić, M. Mitić and B. Mitić.
Iris sibirica L. subsp. erirrhiza (Posp.) Wraber. Slovenia: Ćićarija, Kojnik Mt (type locality) 45°29′49″, 13°57′53″, 3 ZA, coll. P. Cigić; Slovenia: Nanos Mt 45°48′0.2″, 14°2′21″, 9 ZA, coll. P. Cigić; Slovenia: Snežnik Mt 45°35′21″, 14°19′11″, 12 ZA, coll. P. Cigić; Slovenia: Jalovnik Mt 46°11′15″, 13°48′35″, 10 ZA, coll. T. Nikolić; Croatia: Snježnik Mt 45°26′29″, 14°36′48″, 12 ZA, coll. P. Cigić. Rare, limited endemic plant.
Iris sibirica L. subsp. erirrhiza (Posp.) Wraber (new taxon?). Croatia: Bjelolasica Mt 45°16′9.6″, 14°57′58″, 11, ZA, coll. B. Mitić. Rare, National endemic plant?
Iris sibirica L. subsp. sibirica. Croatia: Virovitica 45°49′46″, 17°24′18″, s.n. ZA, coll. J. Razlog-Grlica; Croatia: Hrvatsko zagorje, Mokrice 46°00′, 15°55′ s.n. ZA, coll. B. Mitić; Croatia: Slavonija, Petrijevci 45° 37′ 3.06″, 18° 31′ 4.42″, s.n. ZA, coll. P. Cigić; Croatia: Gubaševo 46° 0′ 18.2″, 15°53′4.91″, s.n. ZA, coll. P. Cigić; Croatia: Pleš (Trakošćan) 46°14′3.66″, 15°58′2.04″, s.n. ZA, coll. P. Cigić; Croatia: Podravina, Zovje 46°14′4.68″, 16°50′29.94″, s.n. ZA, coll. P. Cigić; Croatia: Donja Stubica 45°58′47.6″, 15°59′47.9″ s.n. ZA, coll. I. Horjan; Austria: Biberhaufen, Lobau, s.n. HGWU, coll. M. Svojtka. VU (Croatia).
Iris spuria L. subsp. spuria: Hungary: Nagykovacsi, Szena Hegy, s.n. ZA, coll. P. Cigić; Slovakia: Podunajská rovina plain, Komárno town, Nature Reserve Komočín, s.n. ZA, coll. P. Cigić; Slovakia: Podunajská rovina plain, Marcelová village, Nature Reserve Pohrebište, s.n. ZA, coll. P. Cigić; Botanical Garden of the University of Vienna, s.n., coll. R. Buchner. Rare, EN (Hungary), CR (Slovakia).
Iris variegata L. Croatia: Slavonia, Papuk Mt 45°31′11″, 17°35′48″, 41 2008/36 ZA, coll. B. Mitić; Croatia: Gorski Kotar, Klek Mt, s.n. ZA, coll. B. Mitić; Croatia, Samobor, Oštrc peak, s.n. ZA, coll. B. Mitić; Croatia: Velebit Mt, Starčevića Padež, s.n. ZA, coll. S. Kovačić and B. Juretić; Hungary: Nagykovasci, Szena Hegy 5789915, 5278181, coll. P. Cigić; Hungary: Nagykovasci, Szena Hegy 5789915, 5278181, coll. L. Somlyay. Rare, NT (Croatia).
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Mitić, B., Halbritter, H., Šoštarić, R. et al. Pollen morphology of the genus Iris L. (Iridaceae) from Croatia and surrounding area: taxonomic and phylogenetic implications. Plant Syst Evol 299, 271–288 (2013). https://doi.org/10.1007/s00606-012-0720-7
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DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s00606-012-0720-7