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Placing the origin of two species-rich genera in the late cretaceous with later species divergence in the tertiary: a phylogenetic, biogeographic and molecular dating analysis of Piper and Peperomia (Piperaceae)

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Abstract

Nearly all of the species diversity in Piperaceae is encompassed within Piper and Peperomia. Both genera are pan-tropical with areas of diversification in the Neotropics and Southeast Asia. Piperaceae are less diverse in Africa with only two native species of Piper. This study examines the distribution of both Piper and Peperomia with representative samples from the Neotropics, Asia, Pacific Islands, and Africa. Molecular dating is used to place an age for the crown clades of Piper and Peperomia as well as ages for diversification within the clades. Both genera have origins in the late Cretaceous, but species level diversification occurred much later in the Tertiary. Biogeography of both genera are correlated with paleoclimate evidence to better explain the distribution and diversification of these large genera.

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Acknowledgments

We would like to acknowledge that Chris Fouminyam of the Limbe Botanical Garden, Limbe, Cameroon; George Owusu Afriye of the Aburri Botanical Garden, Aburri, Ghana; Jardins et Conservatoire Botanique de Nancy, France; Tim Flynn and Dave Lorence of the National Tropical Botanical Garden, Lawai, Hawaii; C. W. Morden of the University of Hawaii; Allan Bornstein of Southeast Missouri State University; Amit Jain, Mindie Funke, Bree Draper, and Wee Seng Wong of Boise State University; Audrey Mollerup of Whitman College; The Missouri Botanical Garden; Li Jia-Mei and Wang Yin-Zheng of the Chinese Academy of Sciences all contributed or assisted in obtaining material and data for this project. We would also like to thank Stefan Wanke and Marie-Stephanie Samain for their comments and for correcting our understanding of Peperomia distribution patterns and two anonymous reviewers who made important suggestions that improved the manuscript. The use of the Beowulf Computer Cluster at Boise State University facilitated our data analysis. Funding for this project was provided by NSF grant DEB-0107763 including RUI support, a Boise State University Faculty Research grant, and a grant from the Marjorie Moore Davidson Foundation, all to JFS.

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  1. Department of Biological Sciences, Boise State University, 1910 University Drive, Boise, ID, 83725-1515, USA

    James F. Smith & Angela C. Stevens

  2. Department of Biology, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT, 84112, USA

    Eric J. Tepe

  3. Idaho Botanical Research Foundation, 637 Warm Springs, Boise, ID, 83712, USA

    Chris Davidson

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  1. James F. Smith
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Correspondence to James F. Smith.

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Smith, J.F., Stevens, A.C., Tepe, E.J. et al. Placing the origin of two species-rich genera in the late cretaceous with later species divergence in the tertiary: a phylogenetic, biogeographic and molecular dating analysis of Piper and Peperomia (Piperaceae). Plant Syst Evol 275, 9–30 (2008). https://doi.org/10.1007/s00606-008-0056-5

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