Abstract
During the last decade, the application of arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AMF) as bioenhancers has increased significantly. However, until now, it has been difficult to verify the inoculation success in terms of fungal symbiont establishment in roots of inoculated plants because specific fungal strains could not be detected within colonized roots. Using mitochondrial large subunit ribosomal DNA, we show that Rhizophagus irregularis (formerly known as Glomus intraradices) isolate BEG140 consists of two different haplotypes. We developed nested PCR assays to specifically trace each of the two haplotypes in the roots of Phalaris arundinacea from a field experiment in a spoil bank of a former coal mine, where BEG140 was used as inoculant. We revealed that despite the relatively high diversity of native R. irregularis strains, R. irregularis BEG140 survived and proliferated successfully in the field experiment and was found significantly more often in the inoculated than control plots. This work is the first one to show tracing of an inoculated AMF isolate in the roots of target plants and to verify its survival and propagation in the field. These results will have implications for basic research on the ecology of AMF at the intraspecific level as well as for commercial users of mycorrhizal inoculation.
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Acknowledgments
We would like to thank Marie Havránková and Petra Bukovská for conducting some DNA extractions, Blanka Vlasáková for excellent help with the statistical analyses, Jana Rydlová and Radka Sudová for valuable comments on the manuscript, Florian Walder for helpful suggestions, the team of the Department of Mycorrhizal Symbioses of the IB/ASCR for root staining and evaluation of mycorrhizal colonization and MIP, and the team of the DNA laboratory of the IB/ACSR for the optimization of the nrLSU approach and their continuous support. The research was supported by the Ministry of Education, Youth and Sports of the Czech Republic (grant number 1M0571), the Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic (grant numbers AV0Z60050516 and AV0Z50200510), by the Grant Agency of the Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic (grant number P504/10/P021), and by the Swiss National Science Foundation (grant numbers 3100A0-109466 and 31003A-124966). We acknowledge Thomas Boller and Andres Wiemken from the Botanical Institute, University of Basel for support, the members of the Indo Swiss Collaboration in Biotechnology project for interesting exchanges, and the technical staff at Hebelstrasse for making things work.
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Sýkorová, Z., Börstler, B., Zvolenská, S. et al. Long-term tracing of Rhizophagus irregularis isolate BEG140 inoculated on Phalaris arundinacea in a coal mine spoil bank, using mitochondrial large subunit rDNA markers. Mycorrhiza 22, 69–80 (2012). https://doi.org/10.1007/s00572-011-0375-1
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DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s00572-011-0375-1