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Thrombotic microangiopathy in adult-onset Still's disease: case report and review of the literature

Thrombotische Mikroangiopathie bei Patienten mit adultem Morbus Still: Fallbericht und Literaturübersicht

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Zusammenfassung

Das Auftreten einer thrombotischen Mikroangiopathie bei Patienten mit adultem M. Still ist ausgesprochen selten. Es gibt Hinweise dafür, dass dieser Zusammenhang nicht zufällig ist. Berichtet wird über einen 34-jährigen Mann, der mit intravenös verabreichten Glukokortikoiden erfolgreich behandelt wurde. Neun Monate nach der Diagnostizierung des adulten M.Still wurde beim Patienten während der Therapie mit Chloroquine eine asymptomatische Thrombozytopenie festgestellt. Der physikalische Befund war unauffällig, bis auf die blasse Haut und Schleimhaut; die Laborbefunde ergaben eine ausgeprägte Thrombozytopenie und hämolitische Anämie; die Coombs-Tests waren negativ; die Nierenfunktionstests ohne Befund. Der zytologische periphere Blutabstrich wies zahlreiche Schizozyten auf. Nach Ausschluss anderer bekannter Ursachen wurde aufgrund der Thrombozytopenie und Mikroangiopathie eine thrombotische Mikroangiopathie diagnostiziert, und der Patient wurde einer erfolgreichen Behandlung mit Plasmaaustausch und intravenösen Glukokortikoiden unterzogen. Darüberhinaus sichteten wir die vorhandene Fach-literatur zum Thema: Der vorliegende Fallbericht ist der 15. veröffentlichte Bericht einer thrombotischen Mikroangiopathie bei adultem M.Still. Das Durchschnittsalter beim Auftreten des adulten M.Still beträgt 31,6 Jahre. Die Zeitspanne von der Diagnostizierung des adulten M.Still bis zum Auftreten der thrombotischen Mikroangiopathie betrug von 3 Tagen bis zu 17 Jahren; das Verhältnis von erkrankten Frauen zu Männern ist 2 : 1. In mehr als der Hälfte der veröffentlichten Fälle wurde die thrombotische Mikroangiopathie innerhalb der ersten sechs Monate nach der Diagnostizierung des adulten M.Still festgestellt. 11 von 15 Erkrankten (73 Prozent) wurden mit Plasmapherese und Glukokortikoidtherapie behandelt. Dabei wurde in acht Fällen (73 Prozent) eine komplette Remission erzielt, während bei den übrigen drei Patienten eine dauerhafte Schädigung des Sehvermögens und/oder eine Ischämie der Finger auftrat. Von den vier Patienten, die nicht mit Plasmapherese behandelt wurden, verstarben zwei, bei einem entwickelte sich das Endstadium einer Nierenerkrankung, und bei einem Patienten wurde komplette Remission erzielt. Die Erkenntnis einer möglichen Entwicklung einer thrombotischen Mikroangiopathie bei Patienten mit adultem M.Still ist entscheidend für den rechtzeitigen Therapieeinsatz und damit für die Vermeidung von Komplikationen der thrombotischen Mikroangiopathie. Patienten mit adultem M.Still müssen insbesondere innerhalb der ersten sechs Monate nach der Diagnostizierung im Hinblick auf das Auftreten von Symptomen der thrombotischen Mikroangiopathie beobachtet werden.

Summary

Coexistence of thrombotic microangiopathy and adult-onset Still's disease is extremely rare. There is increasing evidence that this association could be more than just coincidental. We report on the case of a 34-year-old male diagnosed with adult-onset Still's disease and successfully treated with intravenous glucocorticoids. Nine months after onset the patient exhibited the presence of asymptomatic thrombocytopenia during treatment with chloroquine. The physical status was unremarkable except for pallor of the skin and mucosa. Laboratory evaluation revealed profound thrombocytopenia and hemolytic anemia. Coombs' tests were negative; renal function tests were all normal. The peripheral blood smear showed frequent schistocytes. Based on the presence of thrombocytopenia and microangiopathic hemolytic anemia, and with the exclusion of other known causes, the patient was diagnosed with thrombotic microangiopathy and successfully treated with plasma exchange and intravenous glucocorticoids. We also review the literature on the association between adult-onset Still's disease and thrombotic microangiopathy; our case is the 15th report on such an association. The mean age at onset of adult Still's disease in these cases was 31.60 years and the interval between the diagnosis of Still's disease and the onset of thrombotic microangiopathy ranged from 3 days to 17 years, with a female/male ratio of 2 : 1. In more than half the patients thrombotic microangiopathy occurred within the first 6 months after the diagnosis of the Still's disease. Eleven of the 15 (73%) patients were treated with plasmapheresis in addition to glucocorticoid therapy: eight of 11 (73%) had complete remission, the other three had permanent visual impairment and/or digital ischemia. Of the four patients who were not treated with plasmapheresis, two died, one developed end-stage renal disease and one had complete remission. Awareness of the possible development of thrombotic microangiopathy in patients with adult-onset Still's disease is critical, so that treatment can be initiated early and the complications and recurrence of thrombotic microangiopathy prevented. Patients with adult-onset Still's disease should be closely monitored for signs and symptoms of thrombotic microangiopathy during the first six months after diagnosis of the Still's disease.

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Correspondence to Lea Salamon.

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Salamon, L., Salamon, T. & Morovic-Vergles, J. Thrombotic microangiopathy in adult-onset Still's disease: case report and review of the literature. Wien Klin Wochenschr 121, 583–588 (2009). https://doi.org/10.1007/s00508-009-1217-4

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  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s00508-009-1217-4

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