Abstract
Heat stress responses negatively impact production performance, milk quality, body temperature, and other parameters in dairy cows. As global warming continues unabated, heat stress in dairy cows is likely to become more widespread in the future. To address this challenge, researchers have evaluated a number of potentially available nutritional strategies, including dietary fat, dietary fiber, dietary microbial additives, minerals, vitamins, metal ion buffer, plant extracts, and other anti-stress additives. In this paper, we discuss the evidence for the efficacy of these nutritional strategies aimed at alleviating the detrimental effects of heat stress in dairy cows. It was comprised of the treatment (dosage and usage), animal information (lactation stage and number of dairy cows), THI value (level of heat stress), duration of exposure, the changes of feed intake and milk yield (production performance), the changes of milk protein and milk fat (milk quality), the changes of rectal temperature and respiration rate (body temperature), other indices, and reference resources. The results of these studies are presented with statistical justification in the tables. In total, the 49 kinds of dietary interventions derived from these eight types of nutritional strategies may provide an appropriate means of mitigating heat stress on a particular dairy farm based on the explanation of the results.
This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.
Similar content being viewed by others
Abbreviations
- AA:
-
Amino acids
- ADF:
-
Acid detergent fiber
- CP:
-
Crude protein
- DCAD:
-
Dietary cation-anion difference
- DIM:
-
Days in milk
- ECM:
-
Energy-corrected milk
- FCM:
-
Fat-corrected milk
- HSP:
-
Heat shock protein
- IL:
-
Interleukin
- NDF:
-
Neutral detergent fiber
- NEFA:
-
Non-esterified fatty acid
- OM:
-
Organic matter
- THI:
-
Temperature humidity index
- TMR:
-
Total mixed ration
- TNFα:
-
Tumor necrosis factor α
References
Al-Saiady M, Al-Shaikh M, Al-Mufarrej S, Al-Showeimi T, Mogawer H, Dirrar A (2004) Effect of chelated chromium supplementation on lactation performance and blood parameters of Holstein cows under heat stress. Anim Feed Sci Technol 117(3):223–233. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.anifeedsci.2004.07.008
Ashour ML, Wink M (2011) Genus Bupleurum: a review of its phytochemistry, pharmacology and modes of action. J Pharm Pharmacol 63(3):305–321. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.2042-7158.2010.01170.x
Atrian P, Shahryar HA (2012) Heat stress in dairy cows (a review). Res Zool 2(4):31–37. https://doi.org/10.5923/j.zoology.20120204.03
Baumgard L, Wheelock J, Sanders S, Moore C, Green H, Waldron M, Rhoads R (2011) Postabsorptive carbohydrate adaptations to heat stress and monensin supplementation in lactating Holstein cows. J Dairy Sci 94(11):5620–5633. https://doi.org/10.3168/jds.2011-4462
Benchaar C, Calsamiglia S (2008) A review of plant-derived essential oils in ruminant nutrition and production. Anim Feed Sci Technol 145(1):209–228. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.anifeedsci.2007.04.014
Bernabucci U, Lacetera N, Baumgard LH, Rhoads RP, Ronchi B, Nardone A (2010) Metabolic and hormonal acclimation to heat stress in domesticated ruminants. Anim Int J Anim Biosci 4(07):1167–1183. https://doi.org/10.1017/S175173111000090X
Bernabucci U, Biffani S, Buggiotti L, Vitali A, Lacetera N, Nardone A (2014) The effects of heat stress in Italian Holstein dairy cattle. J Dairy Sci 97(1):471–486. https://doi.org/10.3168/jds.2013-6611
Boyd J, West J, Bernard J (2011) Effects of the addition of direct-fed microbials and glycerol to the diet of lactating dairy cows on milk yield and apparent efficiency of yield. J Dairy Sci 94(9):4616–4622. https://doi.org/10.3168/jds.2010-3984
Bruno RG, Rutigliano HM, Cerri R, Robinson PH, Santos JE (2009) Effect of feeding Saccharomyces cerevisiae on performance of dairy cows during summer heat stress. Anim Feed Sci Technol 150(3):175–186. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.anifeedsci.2008.09.001
Calamari L, Petrera F, Abeni F, Bertin G (2011) Metabolic and hematological profiles in heat stressed lactating dairy cows fed diets supplemented with different selenium sources and doses. Livest Sci 142(1):128–137. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.livsci.2011.07.005
Caroprese M, Marzano A, Entrican G, Wattegedera S, Albenzio M, Sevi A (2009) Immune response of cows fed polyunsaturated fatty acids under high ambient temperatures. J Dairy Sci 92(6):2796–2803. https://doi.org/10.3168/jds.2008-1809
Cheng K, Wu T-J, Wu KK, Sturino C, Metters K, Gottesdiener K, Wright SD, Wang Z, O'Neill G, Lai E, Waters MG (2006) Antagonism of the prostaglandin D2 receptor 1 suppresses nicotinic acid-induced vasodilation in mice and humans. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 103(17):6682–6687. https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.0601574103
Cheng JB, Bu DP, Wang JQ, Sun XZ, Pan L, Zhou LY, Liu W (2014) Effects of rumen-protected gamma-aminobutyric acid on performance and nutrient digestibility in heat-stressed dairy cows. J Dairy Sci 97(9):5599–5607. https://doi.org/10.3168/jds.2013-6797
Davidson S, Hopkins BA, Odle J, Brownie C, Fellner V, Whitlow LW (2008) Supplementing limited methionine diets with rumen-protected methionine, betaine, and choline in early lactation Holstein cows. J Dairy Sci 91(4):1552–1559. https://doi.org/10.3168/jds.2007-0721
De K, Pal S, Prasad S, Dang AK (2014) Effect of micronutrient supplementation on the immune function of crossbred dairy cows under semi-arid tropical environment. Trop Anim Health Prod 46(1):203–211. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11250-013-0477-1
Dehghan-Banadaky M, Ebrahimi M, Motameny R, Heidari S (2013) Effects of live yeast supplementation on mid-lactation dairy cows performances, milk composition, rumen digestion and plasma metabolites during hot season. J Appl Anim Res 41(2):137–142. https://doi.org/10.1080/09712119.2012.739085
Di CA, Spain JN, Spiers DE (1997) Supplementation of nicotinic acid for lactating Holstein cows under heat stress conditions. J Dairy Sci 80(6):1200–1206. https://doi.org/10.3168/jds.S0022-0302(97)76048-X
Dias JDL, Silva RB, Fernandes T, Barbosa EF, Graças LEC, Araujo RC, Pereira RAN, Pereira MN (2018) Yeast culture increased plasma niacin concentration, evaporative heat loss, and feed efficiency of dairy cows in a hot environment. J Dairy Sci 101(7):5924–5936. https://doi.org/10.3168/jds.2017-14315
Dimicco JA, Zaretsky DV (2007) The dorsomedial hypothalamus: a new player in thermoregulation. Am J Phys Regul Integr Comp Phys 292(1):R47–R63. https://doi.org/10.1152/ajpregu.00498.2006
Drackley J, Cicela T, LaCount D (2003) Responses of primiparous and multiparous Holstein cows to additional energy from fat or concentrate during summer. J Dairy Sci 86(4):1306–1314. https://doi.org/10.3168/jds.S0022-0302(03)73714-X
Duffield TF, Rabiee AR, Lean IJ (2008) A meta-analysis of the impact of monensin in lactating dairy cattle. Part 1. Metabolic effects. J Dairy Sci 91(4):1334–1346. https://doi.org/10.3168/jds.2007-0607
Fabris TF, Laporta J, Corra FN, Torres YM, Kirk DJ, McLean DJ, Chapman JD, Dahl GE (2017) Effect of nutritional immunomodulation and heat stress during the dry period on subsequent performance of cows. J Dairy Sci 100(8):6733–6742. https://doi.org/10.3168/jds.2016-12313
Gallardo M, Valtorta S, Leva P, Castro H, Maiztegui J (2001) Hydrogenated fish fat for grazing dairy cows in summer. Int J Biometeorol 45(3):111–114. https://doi.org/10.1007/s004840100091
Gonzalez-Rivas PA, Sullivan M, Cottrell JJ, Leury BJ, Gaughan JB, Dunshea FR (2018) Effect of feeding slowly fermentable grains on productive variables and amelioration of heat stress in lactating dairy cows in a sub-tropical summer. Trop Anim Health Prod 50(8):1763–1769. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11250-018-1616-5
Granzin B, Gaughan J (2002) The effect of sodium chloride supplementation on the milk production of grazing Holstein Friesian cows during summer and autumn in a humid sub-tropical environment. Anim Feed Sci Technol 96(3):147–160. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0377-8401(01)00322-4
Guo WJ, Zhen L, Zhang JX, Lian S, Si HF, Guo JR, Yang HM (2017) Effect of feeding Rumen-protected capsule containing niacin, K2SO4, vitamin C, and gamma-aminobutyric acid on heat stress and performance of dairy cows. J Therm Biol 69:249–253. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jtherbio.2017.06.011
Halachmi I, Maltz E, Livshin N, Antler A, Ben-Ghedalia D, Miron J (2004) Effects of replacing roughage with soy hulls on feeding behavior and milk production of dairy cows under hot weather conditions. J Dairy Sci 87(7):2230–2238. https://doi.org/10.3168/jds.S0022-0302(04)70043-0
Hall LW, Dunshea FR, Allen JD, Rungruang S, Collier JL, Long NM, Collier RJ (2016) Evaluation of dietary betaine in lactating Holstein cows subjected to heat stress. J Dairy Sci 99(12):9745–9753. https://doi.org/10.3168/jds.2015-10514
Hall LW, Villar F, Chapman JD, McLean DJ, Long NM, Xiao Y, Collier JL, Collier RJ (2018) An evaluation of an immunomodulatory feed ingredient in heat-stressed lactating Holstein cows: effects on hormonal, physiological, and production responses. J Dairy Sci 101(8):7095–7105. https://doi.org/10.3168/jds.2017-14210
Havlin J, Robinson P (2015) Intake, milk production and heat stress of dairy cows fed a citrus extract during summer heat. Anim Feed Sci Technol 208:23–32. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.anifeedsci.2015.06.022
Hill KE, Wu S, Motley AK, Stevenson TD, Winfrey VP, Capecchi MR, Atkins JF, Burk RF (2012) Production of selenoprotein P (Sepp1) by hepatocytes is central to selenium homeostasis. J Biol Chem 287(48):40414–40424. https://doi.org/10.1074/jbc.M112.421404
Hu W, Murphy MR (2004) Dietary cation-anion difference effects on performance and acid-base status of lactating dairy cows: a meta-analysis. J Dairy Sci 87(7):2222–2229. https://doi.org/10.3168/jds.S0022-0302(04)70042-9
Ipharraguerre IR, Clark JH (2003) Usefulness of ionophores for lactating dairy cows: a review. Anim Feed Sci Technol 106(1):39–57. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0377-8401(03)00065-8
Ishiwata T, Saito T, Hasegawa H, Yazawa T, Kotani Y, Otokawa M, Aihara Y (2005) Changes of body temperature and thermoregulatory responses of freely moving rats during GABAergic pharmacological stimulation to the preoptic area and anterior hypothalamus in several ambient temperatures. Brain Res 1048(1):32–40. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.brainres.2005.04.027
Kanjanapruthipong J, Homwong N, Buatong N (2010) Effects of prepartum roughage neutral detergent fiber levels on periparturient dry matter intake, metabolism, and lactation in heat-stressed dairy cows. J Dairy Sci 93(6):2589–2597. https://doi.org/10.3168/jds.2009-2424
Khorsandi S, Riasi A, Khorvash M, Mahyari SA, Mohammadpanah F, Ahmadi F (2016) Lactation and reproductive performance of high producing dairy cows given sustained-release multi-trace element/vitamin ruminal bolus under heat stress condition. Livest Sci 187:146–150. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.livsci.2016.03.008
Lawrence J, Payton R, Godkin J, Saxton A, Schrick F, Edwards J (2004) Retinol improves development of bovine oocytes compromised by heat stress during maturation. J Dairy Sci 87(8):2449–2454. https://doi.org/10.3168/jds.S0022-0302(04)73368-8
Leiva T, Cooke RF, Brandão AP, Schubach KM, Batista LFD, Miranda MF, Colombo EA, Rodrigues RO, Junior JRG, Cerri RLA, Vasconcelos JLM (2017) Supplementing an immunomodulatory feed ingredient to modulate thermoregulation, physiologic, and production responses in lactating dairy cows under heat stress conditions. J Dairy Sci 100(6):4829–4838. https://doi.org/10.3168/jds.2016-12258
Maciejewski-Lenoir D, Richman JG, Hakak Y, Gaidarov I, Behan DP, Connolly DT (2006) Langerhans cells release prostaglandin D2 in response to nicotinic acid. J Invest Dermatol 126(12):2637–2646. https://doi.org/10.1038/sj.jid.5700586
Min L, Cheng JB, Shi BL, Yang HJ, Zheng N, Wang JQ (2015) Effects of heat stress on serum insulin, adipokines, AMP-activated protein kinase, and heat shock signal molecules in dairy cows. J Zhejiang Univ (Sci) 16(6):541–548. https://doi.org/10.1631/jzus.B1400341
Min L, Cheng J, Zhao S, Tian H, Zhang Y, Li S, Yang H, Zheng N, Wang J (2016) Plasma-based proteomics reveals immune response, complement and coagulation cascades pathway shifts in heat-stressed lactating dairy cows. J Proteome 146:99–108. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jprot.2016.06.008
Min L, Zhao S, Tian H, Zhou X, Zhang Y, Li S, Yang H, Zheng N, Wang J (2017) Metabolic responses and “omics” technologies for elucidating the effects of heat stress in dairy cows. Int J Biometeorol 61(6):1149–1158. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00484-016-1283-z
Miyazawa T (2012) Oral administration of γ-aminobutyric acid affects heat production in a hot environment in resting humans. J Physiol Anthropol 31(1):3. https://doi.org/10.1186/1880-6805-31-3
Moallem U, Lehrer H, Livshitz L, Zachut M, Yakoby S (2009) The effects of live yeast supplementation to dairy cows during the hot season on production, feed efficiency, and digestibility. J Dairy Sci 92(1):343–351. https://doi.org/10.3168/jds.2007-0839
Moallem U, Altmark G, Lehrer H, Arieli A (2010) Performance of high-yielding dairy cows supplemented with fat or concentrate under hot and humid climates. J Dairy Sci 93(7):3192–3202. https://doi.org/10.3168/jds.2009-2979
Naderi N, Ghorbani GR, Sadeghi-Sefidmazgi A, Nasrollahi SM, Beauchemin KA (2016) Shredded beet pulp substituted for corn silage in diets fed to dairy cows under ambient heat stress: feed intake, total-tract digestibility, plasma metabolites, and milk production. J Dairy Sci 99(11):8847–8857. https://doi.org/10.3168/jds.2016-11029
Oltramari CE, Pinheiro MG, De Miranda MS, Arcaro JR, Castelani L, Toledo LM, Ambrósio LA, Leme PR, Manella MQ, Júnior IA (2014) Selenium sources in the diet of dairy cows and their effects on milk production and quality, on udder health and on physiological indicators of heat stress. Ital J Anim Sci 13(1):2921. https://doi.org/10.4081/ijas.2014.2921
Padilla L, Matsui T, Kamiya Y, Kamiya M, Tanaka M, Yano H (2006) Heat stress decreases plasma vitamin C concentration in lactating cows. Livest Sci 101(1):300–304. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.livprodsci.2005.12.002
Pan L, Bu D, Wang J, Cheng J, Sun X, Zhou L, Qin J, Zhang X, Yuan Y (2014) Effects of Radix Bupleuri extract supplementation on lactation performance and rumen fermentation in heat-stressed lactating Holstein cows. Anim Feed Sci Technol 187:1–8. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.anifeedsci.2013.09.008
Piqueras L, Martinez V (2004) Peripheral GABAB agonists stimulate gastric acid secretion in mice. Br J Pharmacol 142(6):1038–1048. https://doi.org/10.1038/sj.bjp.0705876
Pompeu LB, Pas JEW, Spiers DE, Weaber RL, Ellersieck MR, Sargent KM, Feyerabend NP, Vellios HL, Evans F (2011) Effect of Ascophyllum nodosum 1 on alleviation of heat stress in dairy cows. Prof Anim Sci 27(3):181–189. https://doi.org/10.15232/S1080-7446(15)30472-1
Pu S, Jain MR, Horvath TL, Diano S, Kalra PS, Kalra SP (1999) Interactions between neuropeptide Y and gamma-aminobutyric acid in stimulation of feeding: a morphological and pharmacological analysis. Endocrinology 140(2):933–940. https://doi.org/10.1210/endo.140.2.6495
Quéva C, Bremner-Danielsen M, Edlund A, Ekstrand AJ, Elg S, Erickson S, Johansson T, Lehmann A, Mattsson JP (2003) Effects of GABA agonists on body temperature regulation in GABA(B(1))-/- mice. Br J Pharmacol 140(2):315–322. https://doi.org/10.1038/sj.bjp.0705447
Rulquin H, Graulet B, Delaby L, Robert JC (2006) Effect of different forms of methionine on lactational performance of dairy cows. J Dairy Sci 89(11):4387–4394. https://doi.org/10.3168/jds.S0022-0302(06)72485-7
Rungruang S, Collier J, Rhoads R, Baumgard L, de Veth M, Collier R (2014) A dose-response evaluation of rumen-protected niacin in thermoneutral or heat-stressed lactating Holstein cows. J Dairy Sci 97(8):5023–5034. https://doi.org/10.3168/jds.2013-6970
Salvati G, Júnior NM, Melo A, Vilela R, Cardoso F, Aronovich M, Pereira R, Pereira M (2015) Response of lactating cows to live yeast supplementation during summer. J Dairy Sci 98(6):4062–4073. https://doi.org/10.3168/jds.2014-9215
Sanchez WK, Mcguire MA, Beede DK (1994) Macromineral nutrition by heat stress interactions in dairy cattle: review and original research 1. J Dairy Sci 77(7):2051–2079. https://doi.org/10.3168/jds.S0022-0302(94)77150-2
Sanna E, ., Mascia MP, Klein RL, Whiting PJ, Biggio G, ., Harris RA (1995) Actions of the general anesthetic propofol on recombinant human GABAA receptors: influence of receptor subunits. J Pharmacol Exp Ther 274 (1):353. https://doi.org/10.1002/jps.2600840722
Sanz Fernandez MV, Pearce SC, Gabler NK, Patience JF, Wilson ME, Socha MT, Torrison JL, Rhoads RP, Baumgard LH (2014) Effects of supplemental zinc amino acid complex on gut integrity in heat-stressed growing pigs. Anim Int J Anim Biosci 8(1):43–50. https://doi.org/10.1017/S1751731113001961
Schelling GT (1984) Monensin mode of action in the rumen. J Anim Sci 58(6):1518–1527. https://doi.org/10.2527/jas1984.5861518x
Schingoethe D, Linke K, Kalscheur K, Hippen A, Rennich D, Yoon I (2004) Feed efficiency of mid-lactation dairy cows fed yeast culture during summer. J Dairy Sci 87(12):4178–4181. https://doi.org/10.3168/jds.S0022-0302(04)73561-4
Sejian V, Valtorta S, Gallardo M, Singh AK (2012) Ameliorative measures to counteract environmental stresses. In: Environmental stress and amelioration in livestock production. Springer, Berlin, pp 153–180
Seoane JR, Dumont F, Girard CL, Bédard L, Matte JJ (1984) Effects of intraventricular injections of gamma-aminobutyric acid and related substances on feeding behavior in satiated sheep. Can J Physiol Pharmacol 62(10):1296–1299. https://doi.org/10.1139/y84-217
Serbester U, Gorgulu M, Kutlu H, Yurtseven S, Arieli A, Kowalski Z (2005) The effects of sprinkler+ fan, fish meal or dietary fat on milk yield and milk composition of dairy cows in mid lactation during summer. J Anim Feed Sci 14(4):639–653. https://doi.org/10.22358/jafs/67143/2005
Shan CH, Guo JJ, Sun XS, Li N, Yang XY, Gao YH, Qiu DR, Li XM, Wang YN, Feng M, Wang C, Zhao JJ (2018) Effects of fermented Chinese herbal medicines on milk performance and immune function in late-lactation cows under heat stress conditions. J Anim Sci 96(10):4444–4457. https://doi.org/10.1093/jas/sky270
Skibiel AL, Fabris TF, Corrá FN, Torres YM, McLean DJ, Chapman JD, Kirk DJ, Dahl GE, Laporta J (2017) Effects of feeding an immunomodulatory supplement to heat-stressed or actively cooled cows during late gestation on postnatal immunity, health, and growth of calves. J Dairy Sci 100(9):7659–7668. https://doi.org/10.3168/jds.2017-12619
Soltan M (2010) Effect of dietary chromium supplementation on productive and reproductive performance of early lactating dairy cows under heat stress. J Anim Physiol Anim Nutr 94(2):264–272. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1439-0396.2008.00913.x
St-Pierre N, Cobanov B, Schnitkey G (2003) Economic losses from heat stress by US livestock industries. J Dairy Sci 86:E52–E77. https://doi.org/10.3168/jds.S0022-0302(03)74040-5
Sun Y, Liu J, Ye G, Gan F, Hamid M, Liao S, Huang K (2018) Protective effects of zymosan on heat stress-induced immunosuppression and apoptosis in dairy cows and peripheral blood mononuclear cells. Cell Stress Chaperones 23(5):1069–1078. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12192-018-0916-z
Vitali A, Segnalini M, Bertocchi L, Bernabucci U, Nardone A, Lacetera N (2009) Seasonal pattern of mortality and relationships between mortality and temperature-humidity index in dairy cows. J Dairy Sci 92(8):3781–3790. https://doi.org/10.3168/jds.2009-2127
Wang JP, Bu DP, Wang JQ, Huo XK, Guo TJ, Wei HY, Zhou LY, Rastani RR, Baumgard LH, Li FD (2010) Effect of saturated fatty acid supplementation on production and metabolism indices in heat-stressed mid-lactation dairy cows. J Dairy Sci 93(9):4121–4127. https://doi.org/10.3168/jds.2009-2635
Wang DM, Wang C, Liu HY, Liu JX, Ferguson JD (2013) Effects of rumen-protected γ-aminobutyric acid on feed intake, lactation performance, and antioxidative status in early lactating dairy cows. J Dairy Sci 96(5):3222–3227. https://doi.org/10.3168/jds.2012-6285
Warntjes JL, Robinson P, Galo E, DePeters E, Howes D (2008) Effects of feeding supplemental palmitic acid (C16: 0) on performance and milk fatty acid profile of lactating dairy cows under summer heat. Anim Feed Sci Technol 140(3):241–257. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.anifeedsci.2007.03.004
Weng X, Monteiro APA, Guo J, Li C, Orellana RM, Marins TN, Bernard JK, Tomlinson DJ, DeFrain JM, Wohlgemuth SE, Tao S (2018) Effects of heat stress and dietary zinc source on performance and mammary epithelial integrity of lactating dairy cows. J Dairy Sci 101(3):2617–2630. https://doi.org/10.3168/jds.2017-13484
West JW, Mullinix BG, Sandifer TG (1991) Changing dietary electrolyte balance for dairy cows in cool and hot environments. J Dairy Sci 74(5):1662–1674. https://doi.org/10.3168/jds.S0022-0302(91)78329-X
Wildman C, West J, Bernard J (2007a) Effect of dietary cation-anion difference and dietary crude protein on performance of lactating dairy cows during hot weather. J Dairy Sci 90(4):1842–1850. https://doi.org/10.3168/jds.2006-546
Wildman C, West J, Bernard J (2007b) Effects of dietary cation-anion difference and potassium to sodium ratio on lactating dairy cows in hot weather. J Dairy Sci 90(2):970–977. https://doi.org/10.3168/jds.S0022-0302(07)71581-3
Wrinkle S, Robinson P, Garrett J (2012) Niacin delivery to the intestinal absorptive site impacts heat stress and productivity responses of high producing dairy cows during hot conditions. Anim Feed Sci Technol 175(1):33–47. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.anifeedsci.2012.04.005
Wu ZH, Yu Y, Alugongo GM, Xiao JX, Li JH, Li YX, Wang YJ, Li SL, Cao ZJ (2017) Short communication: effects of an immunomodulatory feed additive on phagocytic capacity of neutrophils and relative gene expression in circulating white blood cells of transition Holstein cows. J Dairy Sci 100(9):7549–7555. https://doi.org/10.3168/jds.2016-12528
Yan F, Xue B, Song L, Xiao J, Ding S, Hu X, Bu D, Yan T (2016) Effect of dietary net energy concentration on dry matter intake and energy partition in cows in mid-lactation under heat stress. Anim Sci J 87(11):1352–1362. https://doi.org/10.1111/asj.12561
Zhang L, Ying S, An W, Lian H, Zhou G, Han Z (2014) Effects of dietary betaine supplementation subjected to heat stress on milk performances and physiology indices in dairy cow. Genet Mol Res 13(3):7577–7586. https://doi.org/10.4238/2014.September.12.25
Zhu W, Zhang BX, Yao KY, Yoon I, Chung YH, Wang JK, Liu JX (2016) Effects of supplemental levels of Saccharomyces cerevisiae fermentation product on lactation performance in dairy cows under heat stress. Asian Australas J Anim Sci 29(6):801–806. https://doi.org/10.5713/ajas.15.0440
Zimbelman R, Baumgard L, Collier R (2010) Effects of encapsulated niacin on evaporative heat loss and body temperature in moderately heat-stressed lactating Holstein cows. J Dairy Sci 93(6):2387–2394. https://doi.org/10.3168/jds.2009-2557
Zimbelman R, Collier R, Bilby T (2013) Effects of utilizing rumen protected niacin on core body temperature as well as milk production and composition in lactating dairy cows during heat stress. Anim Feed Sci Technol 180(1):26–33. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.anifeedsci.2013.01.005
Acknowledgments
This study was supported by the Guangdong Innovation Project of Scientific Research Institutions (2014B070706014) and the Natural Science Foundation of Guangdong Province (2018A030313002).
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Corresponding author
Ethics declarations
Conflict of interest
The authors declare that they have no conflict of interest.
Rights and permissions
About this article
Cite this article
Min, L., Li, D., Tong, X. et al. Nutritional strategies for alleviating the detrimental effects of heat stress in dairy cows: a review. Int J Biometeorol 63, 1283–1302 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1007/s00484-019-01744-8
Received:
Revised:
Accepted:
Published:
Issue Date:
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s00484-019-01744-8