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Incidence of kidney stone disease in Icelandic children and adolescents from 1985 to 2013: results of a nationwide study

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Abstract

Background

An increase in the incidence of kidney stone disease has been reported for all age groups worldwide. To examine this trend, we conducted a nationwide study of the epidemiology of kidney stones in Icelandic children and adolescents over a 30-year period.

Methods

Computerized databases of all major hospitals and medical imaging centers in Iceland were searched for International Classification of Diseases and radiologic and surgical procedure codes indicative of kidney stones in patients aged < 18 years, followed by a thorough medical record review. Age-adjusted incidence was calculated for the time intervals 1985–1989, 1990–1994, 1995–1999, 2000–2004, 2005–2009, and 2010–2013. Time trends in stone incidence were assessed by Poisson regression. The prevalence of stone disease for the years 1999–2013 was also determined.

Results

Almost all the 190 patients (97%) that we identified had symptomatic stones, and acute flank or abdominal pain and hematuria were the most common presenting features. The total annual incidence of kidney stones increased from 3.7/100,000 in the first 5-year interval to 11.0/100,000 during the years 1995–2004 (p < 0.001) and decreased thereafter to 8.7/100,000 in 2010–2013 (p = 0.63). The incidence rise was highest in girls aged 13–17 years, in whom it rose from 9.8/100,000 in 1985–1989 to 39.2/100,000 in 2010–2013 (p < 0.001), resulting in an overall female predominance in this age group. The mean annual prevalence of stone disease in 1999–2013 was 48/100,000 for boys and 52/100,000 for girls.

Conclusion

We found a significant increase in the incidence of childhood kidney stone disease, driven by a dramatic increase of stone frequency in teenage females which is poorly understood and warrants further study.

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Acknowledgements

Preliminary results of this study appeared in an abstract form at the Biennial Meeting of The Icelandic Society of Internal Medicine in Reykjavik in October 2010, and the Annual Meeting of The American Society of Nephrology in Denver, CO, USA, in November 2010. The authors want to thank Loftur Ingi Bjarnason, Computer Scientist at Landspitali–The National University Hospital of Iceland, for data management and programming.

Funding

The study was supported by the Landspitali University Hospital Research Fund. The study sponsor had no role in study design; collection, analysis, and interpretation of data; writing the report; and the decision to submit the report for publication. Drs. Edvardsson and Palsson are supported by the Rare Kidney Stone Consortium (U54KD083908), a part of the National Center for Advancing Translational Sciences’ (NCATS) Rare Diseases Clinical Research Network (RDCRN), which is an initiative of the Office of Rare Diseases Research (ORDR). The Rare Kidney Stone Consortium is funded through collaboration between NCATS and National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases (NIDDK).

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. Faculty of Medicine, School of Health Sciences, University of Iceland, Reykjavik, Iceland

    Vidar O. Edvardsson, Solborg E. Ingvarsdottir & Runolfur Palsson

  2. Children’s Medical Center, Landspitali–The National University Hospital of Iceland, 101, Reykjavik, Iceland

    Vidar O. Edvardsson & Solborg E. Ingvarsdottir

  3. Division of Nephrology, Internal Medicine Services, Landspitali–The National University Hospital of Iceland, Reykjavik, Iceland

    Runolfur Palsson & Olafur S. Indridason

Authors
  1. Vidar O. Edvardsson
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  2. Solborg E. Ingvarsdottir
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  3. Runolfur Palsson
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  4. Olafur S. Indridason
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Corresponding author

Correspondence to Vidar O. Edvardsson.

Ethics declarations

The study was approved by the Icelandic National Bioethics Committee (NBC 03-002-S1-AG1) and the Icelandic Data Protection Authority. The work described has been carried out in accordance with the Code of Ethics of the World Medical Association (Declaration of Helsinki).

Conflict of interest

The authors declare that they have no conflict of interest.

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Edvardsson, V.O., Ingvarsdottir, S.E., Palsson, R. et al. Incidence of kidney stone disease in Icelandic children and adolescents from 1985 to 2013: results of a nationwide study. Pediatr Nephrol 33, 1375–1384 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1007/s00467-018-3947-x

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