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Groundwater contamination status in Malaysia: level of heavy metal, source, health impact, and remediation technologies

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Abstract

Groundwater is defined as water that exists underground in voids or gaps in sediments and is extracted for human consumption from aquifers. It is critical to our daily lives because it contributes to the sustainability of our natural ecosystem while also providing economic benefits. Heavy metals are metallic compounds with a relatively high atomic weight and density compared to water. In Malaysia, heavy metal contamination of groundwater has become a concern due to rapid population growth, economic development, and a lack of environmental awareness. Environmental factors or their behaviors, such as density, viscosity, or volume, affect the distribution and transportation of heavy metals. The article discusses the difficulties created by the presence of heavy metals in groundwater supplies and the resulting health problems. Additionally, remediation methods are discussed for managing contaminated water to preserve the ecological environment for current and future generations, as well as their advantages and disadvantages.

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Acknowledgements

We would like to thank to the World Class University—Adjunct Professor Program 2022 from Universitas Diponegoro Number 232/UN7.A/HK/IX/2022. The authors also would like to show our gratitude to the World Class Professor program managed by the Indonesian Ministry of Education, Culture, Research and Technology—Directorate General of Higher Education, Research and Technology Number 2817/E4.1/KK.04.05/2021. The authors also extend their appreciation to the Researchers supporting project number (RSP-2021/193), King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia. Collaboration from Curtin University, Malaysia, University of Arkansas, USA, and King Saud University, Saudi Arabia is highly appreciated.

Funding

Universitas Diponegoro World Class University-Adjunct Professor Program 2022, Nomor: 232/UN7.A/HK/IX/2022, World Class Professor Program managed by the Indonesian Ministry of Education, Culture, Research and Technology—Directorate General of Higher Edmyucation, Research and Technology, 2817/E4.1/KK.04.05/2021.

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. Department of Oceanography, Faculty of Fisheries and Marine Science, Universitas Diponegoro, Semarang, 50275, Indonesia

    Aris Ismanto, Tony Hadibarata, Sugeng Widada, Elis Indrayanti, Dwi Haryo Ismunarti & Novia Safinatunnajah

  2. Center for Coastal Disaster Mitigation and Rehabilitation Studies, Universitas Diponegoro, Semarang, 50275, Indonesia

    Aris Ismanto & Sugeng Widada

  3. Center for Integrated Coastal Zone Management (ICZM Center), Universitas Diponegoro, Semarang, 50275, Indonesia

    Aris Ismanto

  4. Environmental Engineering Program, Faculty of Engineering and Science, Curtin University Malaysia, CDT 250, 98009, Miri, Malaysia

    Tony Hadibarata

  5. Department of Health Administration and Policy, Faculty of Public Health, Universitas Diponegoro, Semarang, 50275, Indonesia

    Wulan Kusumastuti

  6. Department of Crop, Soil and Environmental Sciences, University of Arkansas, Fayetteville, AR, USA

    Yheni Dwiningsih

  7. Department of Botany and Microbiology, College of Science, King Saud University, Riyadh, 11451, Saudi Arabia

    Jawaher Alkahtani

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Ismanto, A., Hadibarata, T., Widada, S. et al. Groundwater contamination status in Malaysia: level of heavy metal, source, health impact, and remediation technologies. Bioprocess Biosyst Eng 46, 467–482 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1007/s00449-022-02826-5

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