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Evidence from acoustic imaging for submarine volcanic activity in 2012 off the west coast of El Hierro (Canary Islands, Spain)

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Abstract

We report precursory geophysical, geodetic, and geochemical signatures of a new submarine volcanic activity observed off the western coast of El Hierro, Canary Islands. Submarine manifestation of this activity has been revealed through acoustic imaging of submarine plumes detected on the 20-kHz chirp parasound subbottom profiler (TOPAS PS18) mounted aboard the Spanish RV Hespérides on June 28, 2012. Five distinct “filament-shaped” acoustic plumes emanating from the flanks of mounds have been recognized at water depth between 64 and 88 m on a submarine platform located NW El Hierro. These plumes were well imaged on TOPAS profiles as “flares” of high acoustic contrast of impedance within the water column. Moreover, visible plumes composed of white rafts floating on the sea surface and sourcing from the location of the submarine plumes were reported by aerial photographs on July 3, 2012, 5 days after acoustic plumes were recorded. In addition, several geophysical and geochemical data support the fact that these submarine vents were preceded by several precursory signatures: (i) a sharp increase of the seismic energy release and the number of daily earthquakes of magnitude ≥2.5 on June 25, 2012, (ii) significant vertical and horizontal displacements observed at the Canary Islands GPS network (Nagoya University-ITER-GRAFCAN) with uplifts up to 3 cm from June 25 to 26, 2012, (iii) an anomalous increase of the soil gas radon activity, from the end of April until the beginning of June reaching peak values of 2.7 kBq/m3 on June 3, 2012, and (iv) observed positive peak in the air-corrected value of 3He/4He ratio monitored in ground waters (8.5 atmospheric 3He/4He ratio (R A)) at the northwestern El Hierro on June 16, 2012. Combining these submarine and subaerial information, we suggest these plumes are the consequence of submarine vents exhaling volcanic gas mixed with fine ash as consequence of an event of rapid rise of volatile-rich magma beneath the NW submarine ridge of El Hierro. These precursory signals have revealed important to improve and optimize the detection of early warning signals of volcanic unrest episodes at El Hierro.

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Acknowledgments

This research was partially supported by the projects (i) MAKAVOL (MAC/3/C161) of the European Union Transnational Cooperation Programme MAC 2007-2013, (ii) ALERTA (MAC/2.3/C56) and ALERTA II (03/MAC/4.1/C6) of the European Union Transnational Cooperation Programme INTERREG III B Azores-Madeira-Canary Islands 2000-2006, (iii) EPHESTOS (CGL2011-29499-C02-01) and SUBVENT (CGL2012-39524-C02-02) of the Spanish National R+D+I Plan 2008-2011, and (iv) HELIO (ProID20100158) of the Canary Islands Agency for Research, Innovation and Information Society. We are also grateful to the Water Community of San Simón as well as to the Cabildo Insular de El Hierro and Cabildo Insular de Tenerife for their support. We thank the crews and technicians of the oceanographic vessels Hespérides and Sarmiento de Gamboa for their dedication during the surveys, as well as the crews of the Emergency and Rescue Group (GES) from Canary Islands Government. The authors wish to sincerely thank the Associate Editor and anonymous reviewers whose useful comments and constructive suggestions greatly improved the manuscript.

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. Instituto Volcanológico de Canarias (INVOLCAN), Puerto de la Cruz, Canary Islands, Spain

    Nemesio M. Pérez, Pedro A. Hernández, Luis González de Vallejo, Takeshi Sagiya, José Barrancos, Jesús Ibáñez & Carmen Romero

  2. Marine Geology Division, Instituto Geológico y Minero de España (IGME), Madrid, Spain

    Luis Somoza, Ricardo León, Ander Biain, Francisco J. González & Teresa Medialdea

  3. Environmental Research Division, ITER, Granadilla de Abona, Canary Islands, Spain

    Nemesio M. Pérez, Pedro A. Hernández & José Barrancos

  4. Facultad de Ciencias Geológicas, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, Madrid, Spain

    Luis González de Vallejo

  5. Disaster Mitigation Research Center, Nagoya University, Nagoya, Japan

    Takeshi Sagiya

  6. Instituto Andaluz de Geofísica, Universidad de Granada, Granada, Spain

    Jesús Ibáñez

  7. Geochemical Research Center, The University of Tokyo, Bunkyo-Ku, Tokyo, Japan

    Hirochika Sumino

  8. Volcanic Fluid Research Center, Tokyo Institute of Technology, Kusatsu, Agatsuma, Gunma, Japan

    Kenji Nogami

  9. Facultad de Geografía e Historia, Universidad de La Laguna, Tenerife, Spain

    Carmen Romero

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  1. Nemesio M. Pérez
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  2. Luis Somoza
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  3. Pedro A. Hernández
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  4. Luis González de Vallejo
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  8. Francisco J. González
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  9. Teresa Medialdea
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  11. Jesús Ibáñez
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  12. Hirochika Sumino
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  14. Carmen Romero
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Correspondence to Pedro A. Hernández.

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Editorial responsibility: T. Nishimura

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Pérez, N.M., Somoza, L., Hernández, P.A. et al. Evidence from acoustic imaging for submarine volcanic activity in 2012 off the west coast of El Hierro (Canary Islands, Spain). Bull Volcanol 76, 882 (2014). https://doi.org/10.1007/s00445-014-0882-y

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