Abstract
We describe a versatile strategy for generating gene replacement mutants in the phytopathogenic fungus Ustilago maydis. The system includes the choice of 32 different insertion cassettes for genetic engineering purposes, such as gene disruption and more sophisticated insertions of reporter genes, heterologous promoters or combinations of the two. PCR-amplified flanking sequences needed for homologous recombination are ligated to the respective insertion cassettes via Sfi I sites. As proof of principle we generated two replacement mutants in which the endogenous promoter of the pheromone gene mfa1 drives expression of the Green Fluorescent Protein gene (gfp). Simultaneously, expression of the mfa1 ORF is controlled either by the carbon source-regulated crg1 promoter or the nitrogen source-regulated nar1 promoter. In both cases gfp expression was pheromone-inducible and pheromone expression was only detected when the heterologous promoters were active.
Similar content being viewed by others
References
Banks GR, Shelton PA, Kanuga N, Holden DW, Spanos A (1993) The Ustilago maydis nar1 gene encoding nitrate reductase activity: sequence and transcriptional regulation. Gene 131:69–78
Banuett F (1992) Ustilago maydis, the delightful blight. Trends Genet 8:174–180
Banuett F (1995) Genetics of Ustilago maydis, a fungal pathogen that induces tumors in maize. Annu Rev Genet 29:179–208
Banuett F, Herskowitz I (1989) Different a alleles are necessary for maintenance of filamentous growth but not for meiosis. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 86:5878–5882
Barrett KJ, Gold SE, Kronstad JW (1993) Identification and complementation of a mutation to constitutive filamentous growth in Ustilago maydis. Mol Plant Microbe Interact 6:274–283
Basse CW, Kolb S, Kahmann R (2002) A maize-specifically expressed gene cluster in Ustilago maydis. Mol Microbiol 43:75–93
Baudin A, Ozier-Kalogeropoulos O, Denouel A, Lacroute F, Cullin C (1993) A simple and efficient method for direct gene deletion in Saccharomyces cerevisiae. Nucleic Acids Res 21:3329–3330
Bevan M, Barnes WM, Chilton MD (1983) Structure and transcription of the nopaline synthase gene region of T-DNA. Nucleic Acids Res 11:369–385
Bölker M (2001) Ustilago maydis - a valuable model system for the study of fungal dimorphism and virulence. Microbiology 147:1395–1401
Bölker M, Urban M, Kahmann R (1992) The a mating type locus of U. maydis specifies cell signaling components. Cell 68:441–450
Bottin A, Kämper J, Kahmann R (1996) Isolation of a carbon source-regulated gene from Ustilago maydis. Mol Gen Genet 253:342–352
Brachmann A, Weinzierl G, Kämper J, Kahmann R (2001) Identification of genes in the bW/bE regulatory cascade in Ustilago maydis. Mol Microbiol 42:1047–1063
Brachmann A, Schirawski J, Müller P, Kahmann R (2003) An unusual MAP kinase is required for efficient penetration of the plant surface by Ustilago maydis. EMBO J 22:2199–2210
Campbell RE, Tour O, Palmer AE, Steinbach PA, Baird GS, Zacharias DA, Tsien RY (2002) A monomeric red fluorescent protein. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 99:7877–7882
Davidson RC, Blankenship JR, Kraus PR, de Jesus Berrios M, Hull CM, D’Souza C, Wang P, Heitman J (2002) A PCR-based strategy to generate integrative targeting alleles with large regions of homology. Microbiology 148:2607–2615
Gage MJ, Bruenn J, Fischer M, Sanders D, Smith TJ (2001) KP4 fungal toxin inhibits growth in Ustilago maydis by blocking calcium uptake. Mol Microbiol 41:775–785
Garrido E, Pérez-Martín J (2003) The crk1 gene encodes an Ime2-related protein that is required for morphogenesis in the plant pathogen Ustilago maydis. Mol Microbiol 47:729–743
Giaever G, et al (2002) Functional profiling of the Saccharomyces cerevisiae genome. Nature 418:387–391
Gillissen B, Bergemann J, Sandmann C, Schroeer B, Bölker M, Kahmann R (1992) A two-component regulatory system for self/non-self recognition in Ustilago maydis. Cell 68:647–657
Goffeau A (1994) Yeast genes in search of functions. Nature 369:101–102
Gold S, Duncan G, Barrett K, Kronstad J (1994a) cAMP regulates morphogenesis in the fungal pathogen Ustilago maydis. Genes Dev 8:2805–2816
Gold SE, Bakkeren G, Davies JE, Kronstad JW (1994b) Three selectable markers for transformation of Ustilago maydis. Gene 142:225–230
Gossen M, Bujard H (1992) Tight control of gene expression in mammalian cells by tetracycline-responsive promoters. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 89:5547–5551
Hoffman CS, Winston F (1987) A ten-minute DNA preparation from yeast efficiently releases autonomous plasmids for transformation of Escherichia coli. Gene 57:267–272
Holliday R (1974) Ustilago maydis. In: King RC (ed) Handbook of genetics, vol 1. Plenum Press, New York, pp 575–595
Huber SM, Lottspeich F, Kämper J (2002) A gene that encodes a product with similarity to dioxygenases is highly expressed in teliospores of Ustilago maydis. Mol Genet Genomics 267:757–771
Hull CM, Heitman J (2002) Genetics of Cryptococcus neoformans. Annu Rev Genet 36:557–615
Kaffarnik F, Müller P, Leibundgut M, Kahmann R, Feldbrügge M (2003) PKA and MAPK phosphorylation of Prf1 allows promoter discrimination in Ustilago maydis. EMBO J 22:5817–5826
Kahmann R, Steinberg G, Basse C, Feldbrügge M, Kämper J (2000) Ustilago maydis, the causative agent of corn smut disease. In: Kronstad JW (ed) Fungal pathology. Kluwer Academic Publishers, Dordrecht, pp 347–371
Kämper J (2004) A PCR-based system for highly efficient generation of gene replacement mutants in Ustilago maydis. Mol Genet Genomics 271:103–110
Kämper J, Reichmann M, Romeis T, Bölker M, Kahmann R (1995) Multiallelic recognition: nonself-dependent dimerization of the bE and bW homeodomain proteins in Ustilago maydis. Cell 81:73–83
Keon JP, White GA, Hargreaves JA (1991) Isolation, characterization and sequence of a gene conferring resistance to the systemic fungicide carboxin from the maize smut pathogen, Ustilago maydis. Curr Genet 19:475–481
Kojic M, Holloman WK (2000) Shuttle vectors for genetic manipulations in Ustilago maydis. Can J Microbiol 46:333–338
Kojic M, Kostrub CF, Buchman AR, Holloman WK (2002) BRCA2 homolog required for proficiency in DNA repair, recombination, and genome stability in Ustilago maydis. Mol Cell 10:683–691
Kronstad JW (2003) Castles and cuitlacoche: the first international Ustilago conference. Fungal Genet Biol 38:265–271
Kronstad JW, Leong SA (1990) The b mating-type locus of Ustilago maydis contains variable and constant regions. Genes Dev 4:1384–1395
Krügel H, Fiedler G, Smith C, Baumberg S (1993) Sequence and transcriptional analysis of the nourseothricin acetyltransferase-encoding gene nat1 from Streptomyces noursei. Gene 127:127–131
Kuwayama H, Obara S, Morio T, Katoh M, Urushihara H, Tanaka Y (2002) PCR-mediated generation of a gene disruption construct without the use of DNA ligase and plasmid vectors. Nucleic Acids Res 30:e2
Lorenz MC, Muir RS, Lim E, McElver J, Weber SC, Heitman J (1995) Gene disruption with PCR products in Saccharomyces cerevisiae. Gene 158:113–117
Loubradou G, Brachmann A, Feldbrügge M, Kahmann R (2001) A homolog of the transcriptional repressor Ssn6p antagonizes cAMP signalling in Ustilago maydis. Mol Microbiol 40:719–730
Sambrook J, Frisch EF, Maniatis T (1989) Molecular cloning: a laboratory manual (2nd edn). Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press, Cold Spring Harbor, N.Y.
Sánchez-Martínez C, Pérez-Martín J (2001) Dimorphism in fungal pathogens: Candida albicans and Ustilago maydis - similar inputs, different outputs. Curr Opin Microbiol 4:214–221
Schulz B, Banuett F, Dahl M, Schlesinger R, Schafer W, Martin T, Herskowitz I, Kahmann R (1990) The b alleles of U. maydis, whose combinations program pathogenic development, code for polypeptides containing a homeodomain-related motif. Cell 60:295–306
Sheen J, Hwang S, Niwa Y, Kobayashi H, Galbraith DW (1995) Green-fluorescent protein as a new vital marker in plant cells. Plant J 8:777–784
Spellig T, Bölker M, Lottspeich F, Frank RW, Kahmann R (1994) Pheromones trigger filamentous growth in Ustilago maydis. EMBO J 13:1620–1627
Spellig T, Bottin A, Kahmann R (1996) Green fluorescent protein (GFP) as a new vital marker in the phytopathogenic fungus Ustilago maydis. Mol Gen Genet 252:503–509
Straube A, Enard W, Berner A, Wedlich-Söldner R, Kahmann R, Steinberg G (2001) A split motor domain in a cytoplasmic dynein. EMBO J 20:5091–5100
Szabó Z, Tönnis M, Kessler H, Feldbrügge M (2002) Structure-function analysis of lipopeptide pheromones from the plant pathogen Ustilago maydis. Mol Genet Genomics 268:362–370
Timberlake WE, Marshall MA (1989) Genetic engineering of filamentous fungi. Science 244:1313–1317
Tsukuda T, Carleton S, Fotheringham S, Holloman WK (1988) Isolation and characterization of an autonomously replicating sequence from Ustilago maydis. Mol Cell Biol 8:3703–3709
Wedlich-Söldner R, Straube A, Friedrich MW, Steinberg G (2002) A balance of KIF1A-like kinesin and dynein organizes early endosomes in the fungus Ustilago maydis. EMBO J 21:2946–2957
Wendland J (2003) PCR-based methods facilitate targeted gene manipulations and cloning procedures. Curr Genet 44:115–123
Williams SA, Halford SE (2001) Sfi I endonuclease activity is strongly influenced by the non-specific sequence in the middle of its recognition site. Nucleic Acids Res 29:1476–1483
Winzeler EA, et al (1999) Functional characterization of the S. cerevisiae genome by gene deletion and parallel analysis. Science 285:901–906
Yuan WM, Gentil GD, Budde AD, Leong SA (2001) Characterization of the Ustilago maydis sid2 gene, encoding a multidomain peptide synthetase in the ferrichrome biosynthetic gene cluster. J Bacteriol 183:4040–4051
Acknowledgements
We acknowledge Dr. R. Kahmann for critically reading the manuscript, and thank J. Hohenner, S. Hester and P. Roth for excellent technical assistance. This work was supported by the DFG through Sonderforschungsbereich 369 and by funding from Bayer CropScience
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Corresponding author
Additional information
Communicated by G. Jürgens
The first two authors contributed equally to this work
An erratum to this article is available at http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00438-004-1067-8.
Rights and permissions
About this article
Cite this article
Brachmann, A., König, J., Julius, C. et al. A reverse genetic approach for generating gene replacement mutants in Ustilago maydis. Mol Genet Genomics 272, 216–226 (2004). https://doi.org/10.1007/s00438-004-1047-z
Received:
Accepted:
Published:
Issue Date:
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s00438-004-1047-z