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Five years of the biggest outbreak of human toxoplasmosis in Santa Maria, Brazil: a review

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Abstract

Toxoplasmosis is a parasitic disease caused by infection with the protozoan Toxoplasma gondii. In 2018, the first cases of people with clinical signs of acute febrile syndrome were reported, and in the same year, the largest outbreak of human toxoplasmosis ever described in the literature was reported. In this sense, the present work sought to describe the evolution of the outbreak cases in the municipality of Santa Maria, Rio Grande do Sul State, Brazil, as well as the studies conducted and published during and after the outbreak in the municipality (the period between 2018 and 2023). In addition, the discussion of public policies and their modifications after the notification of this outbreak. As a result of this research, verifying the evolution of notified and confirmed cases, the possibility of detection and genotypic characterization of T. gondii and the possibility of co-infections and evaluation of the humoral response is possible. With regard to public policies, the importance of detecting the agent through the heel prick test and increasing the monitoring of water quality to prevent outbreaks.

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Acknowledgements

The authors would like to thank the Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico (CNPq) and Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior (CAPES)

Funding

This work was supported by the Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico (CNPq) and Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior—Brasil (CAPES)—finance code 001.

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. Laboratório de Doenças Parasitárias (LADOPAR), Departamento de Medicina Veterinária Preventiva, Centro de Ciências Rurais (CCR), Universidade Federal de Santa (UFSM), Av Roraima, N° 1000, Prédio 63D, Bairro Camobi, Santa Maria, RS, CEP 97105-900, Brazil

    Fagner D’ambroso Fernandes, Gisele Vaz Aguirre Samoel, Patricia Bräunig, Luis Antonio Sangioni & Fernanda Silveira Flores Vogel

  2. Centro Universitario Ritter dos Reis (UniRitter), Av Manoel Elias, 2001 - Passo das Pedras, Porto Alegre, RS, 91240-261, Brazil

    Fagner D’ambroso Fernandes

  3. Departamento de Estatística, Universidade Federal de Santa Maria (UFSM), Av Roraima, N° 1000, Prédio 13, Sala 1206, Bairro Camobi, CEP, Santa Maria, RS, 97105-900, Brazil

    Renata Rojas Guerra

  4. Curso de Arquitetura e Urbanismo (CAU-ULBRA), Universidade Luterana do Brasil (ULBRA), Av. Farroupilha, n°8001, Prédio 14, Bairro São José, Canoas, RS, CEP 92425-900, Brazil

    Diego Willian Nascimento Machado

  5. Laboratório de Bacteriologia (LABAC), Departamento de Medicina Veterinária Preventiva, Centro de Ciências Rurais (CCR), Universidade Federal de Santa Maria (UFSM), Av Roraima, N° 1000, Prédio 63D, Bairro Camobi, Santa Maria, RS , CEP 97105-900, Brazil

    Juliana Felipetto Cargnelutti

Authors
  1. Fagner D’ambroso Fernandes
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  2. Gisele Vaz Aguirre Samoel
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  3. Renata Rojas Guerra
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  4. Patricia Bräunig
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  5. Diego Willian Nascimento Machado
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  6. Juliana Felipetto Cargnelutti
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  7. Luis Antonio Sangioni
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  8. Fernanda Silveira Flores Vogel
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Contributions

All authors contributed to the study conception and design. Material preparation, data collection, and analysis were performed by Fagner D’ambroso Fernandes, Gisele Vaz Aguirre Samoel, Renata Rojas Guerra, Patricia Bräunig, Diego Willian Nascimento Machado, Juliana Felipetto Cargnelutti, Luis Antonio Sangioni, and Fernanda Silveira Flores Vogel. The first draft of the manuscript was written by Fagner D’ambroso Fernandes and Fernanda Silveira Flores Vogel, and all authors commented on previous versions of the manuscript. All authors read and approved the final manuscript.

Corresponding author

Correspondence to Fagner D’ambroso Fernandes.

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Section Editor: Dana Mordue

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Fernandes, F., Samoel, G.V.A., Guerra, R.R. et al. Five years of the biggest outbreak of human toxoplasmosis in Santa Maria, Brazil: a review. Parasitol Res 123, 76 (2024). https://doi.org/10.1007/s00436-023-08073-1

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  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s00436-023-08073-1

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