Skip to main content
SpringerLink
Log in

Delayed reduction of Anaplasma marginale parasitemia and packed cell volume normalization despite prolonged enrofloxacin treatment of cattle co-infected with Trypanosoma vivax

  • Treatment and Prophylaxis - Original Paper
  • Published:
Parasitology Research Aims and scope Submit manuscript

Abstract

Although co-infections of Trypanosoma vivax, Anaplasma spp., and Babesia spp. have been reported, knowledge gaps remain that need to be addressed. The present study evaluated the efficacy of enrofloxacin (7.5 mg/kg) against A. marginale in naturally infected cattle and cattle experimentally co-infected with T. vivax by observation of the variation in A. marginale parasitemia and packed cell volume (PCV) for 39 days. Bovines were distributed into two groups, each with six calves: T01 = animals immunosuppressed with dexamethasone and with latent anaplasmosis; T02 = animals immunosuppressed with dexamethasone, with latent anaplasmosis and experimentally co-infected with T. vivax on day 0 (D0). Animals of both groups were immunosuppressed with dexamethasone and received enrofloxacin (7.5 mg/kg) whenever mean values of parasitemia for A. marginale were ≥ 5% per group. Cattle of group T02 were also treated with isometamidium chloride (0.5 mg/kg) on D25. On D17 and D22 to D28 of the study, there was a higher (P ≤ 0.05) A. marginale parasitemia in animals of T02 than in those of T01. Animals of T01 required one enrofloxacin treatment to decrease A. marginale parasitemia, while those from T02 needed five treatments. From D5 to D37 of study, the mean values of PCV for calves from T02 were lower (P ≤ 0.05) than that for calves from T01. In conclusion, bovines co-infected T. vivax needed four more treatments with enrofloxacin to reduce A. marginale parasitemia and keep PCV values within reference standards.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this article

Log in via an institution

Price excludes VAT (USA)
Tax calculation will be finalised during checkout.

Instant access to the full article PDF.

Institutional subscriptions

Fig. 1
Fig. 2
Fig. 3

Similar content being viewed by others

References

  • Alberton LR, Orlandini TM, Nakamura AY, Gonçalves DD, Junior RP, Zanioli MM, Cardim ST, Vidotto O, Garcia JL (2015) Eficácia do dipropionato de imidocarb, da enrofloxacina e do cloridrato de oxitetraciclina no tratamento de bovinos naturalmente infectados por Anaplasma marginale. Arq Bras Med Vet Zootec 67:1056–1062

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Almeida MB, Tortelli FP, Correa BR, Ferreira JLM, Soares MP, Farias NA, Correa FK, Schild AN (2006) Tristeza parasitária bovina na região sul do Rio Grande do Sul: estudo retrospectivo de 1978–2005. Pesq Vet Bras 6:237–242

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Andrade Neto AQ, Afonso JAB, Mendonça CL, Souto RJC, André MR, Machado RZ (2015) Surtos de tripanossomíase em bovinos leiteiros no agreste dos estados de Pernambuco e Alagoas. O Biológico 2:143

    Google Scholar 

  • Bastos TSA, Faria AM, Cavalcante ASA, Madrid DMC, Zapa DMB, Nicareta JE, Cruvinel LB, Heller LM, Couto LFM, Rodrigues DC, Ferreira LL, Soares VE, Cadioli FA, Lopes WDZ (2020a) Infection capacity of Trypanosoma vivax experimentally inoculated through different routes in bovines with latent Anaplasma marginale. Exp Parasitol 211:107861

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Bastos TSA, Faria AM, Cavalcante ASA, Madrid DMC, Zapa DMB, Nicaretta JE, Cruvinel LB, Heller LM, Couto LFM, Soares VE, Cadioli FA, Lopes WDZ (2020b) Comparison of therapeutic efficacy of different drugs against Trypanosoma vivax on experimentally infected cattle. Prev Vet Med 181:105040

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Bastos TSA, Faria AM, Madrid DMC, Bessa LC, Linhares GFC, Fidelis Junior OL, Sampaio PH, Cruz BC, Cruvinel LB, Nicaretta JE, Machado RZ, Costa AJ, Lopes WDZ (2017) First outbreak and subsequent cases of Trypanosomavivax in the state of Goiás, Brazil. Rev Bras Parasitol Vet 23:366–371

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Brener Z (1961) Contribuição ao estudo da terapêutica experimental da Doença de Chagas. Belo Horizonte. Tese de Livre Docência-Faculdade de Odontologia da UFMG

  • Coetzee JF, Apley MD (2006) Efficacy of enrofloxacin against severe experimental Anaplasma marginale infections in splenectomized calves. Vet Ther 7:319–328

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Coetzee JF, Apley MD, Kocan KM (2006) Comparison of the efficacy of enrofloxacin, imidocarb, and oxytetracycline for clearance of persistent Anaplasma marginale infections in cattle. Vet Ther 7:347–360

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Cortez AP, Rodrigues AC, Garcia HA, Neves L, Batista JS, Bengaly Z, Paiva F, Teixeira MMG (2009) Cathepsin L-like genes of Trypanosoma vivax from Africa and South America–characterization, relationship, and diagnostic implications. Mol Cell Probes 23:44–51

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Cossic BGA, Adjahoutonon B, Gloaguen P, Dibanganga GL, Maganga G, Leroy P, MacLeod ET, Picozzi K (2017) Trypanosomiasis challenge estimation using the diminazene aceturate (Berenil) index in Zebu in Gabon. Trop Ani Health Produc 12:1–6

    Google Scholar 

  • Costa RVC, Abreu APM, Machado MN, Thomé SMG, Massard CL, Santos HA, Brito MF (2016) Tripanossomíase em bovinos no estado do Rio de Janeiro. Pesq Vet Bras 36:161–163

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Dagnachew S, Bezie M (2015) Review on Trypanosoma vivax. Afr J Basic Appl Sci 7:41–64

    Google Scholar 

  • Davis JL, Foster DM, Papich MG (2007) Pharmacokinetics and tissue distribution of enrofloxacin and its active metabolite ciprofloxacin in calves. J Vet Pharmacol Therap 30:564–571

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Desquesnes M, Rocque S, Peregrine AS (1995) French Guyanan stock of Trypanosoma vivax resistant resistant to diminazene aceturate but sensitive to isometamidium chloride. Acta Trop 60:133–136

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Eisler MC (1996) Pharmacokinetics of the chemoprophylactic and chemotherapeutic trypanocidal drug isometamidium chloride (Samorin) in cattle. Drug Metab Dispos 24:1355–1361

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Facury-Filho EJ, Carvalho AU, Ferreira PM, Moura MF, Apolinario BC, Santos LP, Ribeiro MFB (2012) Effectiveness of enrofloxacina for the treatment of experimentally-induced bovine anaplasmosis. Rev Bras Parasitol Vet 21:32–36

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Fidelis Junior OL, Sampaio PH, Machado RZ, André MR, Marques LC, Cadioli FA (2016) Evaluation of clinical signs, parasitemia, hematologic and biochemical changes in cattle experimentally infected with Trypanosoma vivax. Rev Bras Parasitol Vet 25:69–81

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Gomes K, Santos MGC, Franco DF, Pires RB, Silva MG, Neves MF, Bassani-Silva S (2007) Avaliação do hematócrito e da proteína plasmática em sangues hemodiluidos. R Eletron Med Vet 7:5p

    Google Scholar 

  • IICA - Instituto Interamericano de Cooperacion para la Agricultura (1984). Técnicas para el Diagnóstico de Babesiosis y Anaplasmosis Bovina., Costa Rica (Serie Salud Animal. Publicacion Cientifica n.8). http://repiica.iica.int/docs/B1335e/B1335e.pdf. Accessed 5 Nov 2020

  • Kaartinen L, Salonen M, Älli L, Pyörälä S (1995) Pharmacokinetics of enrofloxacin after single intravenous, intramuscular and subcutaneous injections in lactating cows. J Vet Pharmacol Therap 18:357–362

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Kuttler KL (1980) Pharmacotherapeutics of drugs used in treatment of anaplasmosis and babesiosis. J Am Vet Med Assoc 176:1103–1108

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Kuttler KL (1986) Dynamics of Anaplasma marginale in splenectomized calves treated with either imidocarb or oxytetracycline. Trop Anim Health Prod 18:91–96

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Lopes STP, Prado BS, Martins GHC, Esmeraldo H, Beserra A, de Sousa Filho MAC, Evangelista LSDM, Souza JATD (2018) Trypanosomavivax Em Bovino Leiteiro. Acta Sci Vet 46:287

    Google Scholar 

  • Machado RZ, Silva JB, André MR, Gonçalves LR, Matos CA, Obregón D (2015) Outbreak of anaplasmosis associated with the presence of different Anaplasma marginale strains in dairy cattle in the states of São Paulo and Goiás, Brazil. Rev Brasil Parasitol 24:438–446

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Perez SE, Bretschineider G, Leunda MR, Osorio FA, Flores EF, Odeo AC (2002) Primary infection, latency, and reactivation of bovine herpesvirus type 5 in the bovine nervous system. Vet Pathol 39:437–444

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • STATSOFT (2014) StatisticaĐ. Version 12.1. Tulsa: USA

  • Stewart CG, Immelman A, Grimbeek P, Grib D (1979) The use of a short and long acting oxytetracycline for the treatment of Anaplasma marginale in splenectomized calves. J South Afr Vet Assoc 50:83–85

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Trouchon T, Lefebvre S (2016) A review of enrofloxacin for veterinary use. Open J Vet Med 6:40–58

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Varma R, Ahmad AH, Sharma LD, Aggarwal P, Ahuja V (2003) Pharmacokinetics of enrofloxacin and its active metabolite ciprofloxacin in cows following single dose intravenous administration. J Vet Pharmacol Therap 26:303–305

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Weiss DJ, Wardrop KJ (2011) Schalm's Veterinary Hematology. 6th ed. John Wiley & Sons, New Jersey

  • Woo PTK (1970) The hematocrit centrifuge technique for the diagnosis of African trypanosomiasis. Acta Trop 27:384–386

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Yeó N, Karamoko Y, Soro D, Bi ZF, Okon AJL, Gragnon BG (2017) Prevalence of Trypanosoma, Babesia and Anaplasma in cattle reared in the North of Côte d’Ivoire. Int J Biosci 10:21–28

    Article  Google Scholar 

Download references

Funding

This work was supported by Fundo para o Desenvolvimento da Agropecuária em Goiás (FUNDEPEC-GOIÁS) (agreement signed on 5 May 2016) and Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior — Brasil (CAPES) — financial code 001.

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

  1. Escola de Veterinária E Zootecnia, Universidade Federal de Goiás, Goiânia, Goiás, Brazil

    Thiago Souza Azeredo Bastos, Leonardo Bueno Cruvinel, João Eduardo Nicaretta, Luiz Fellipe Monteiro Couto, Dina María Beltrán Zapa, Alliny Souza de Assis Cavalcante, Luciana Maffini Heller, Vanessa Ferreira Salvador, Luccas Lourenzo Lima Lins Leal, Igor Maciel Lopes de Morais & Welber Daniel Zanetti Lopes

  2. Departamento de Medicina Veterinária Preventiva, Escola de Veterinária, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais, Brazil

    Lorena Lopes Ferreira

  3. Universidade Brasil, Descalvado, São Paulo, Brazil

    Vando Edésio Soares

  4. Departamento de ClínicaCirurgia E Reprodução Animal, Faculdade de Medicina Veterinária, Universidade Estadual Paulista - Unesp, Araçatuba, Brazil

    Fabiano Antônio Cadioli

  5. Departamento de Biociências E Tecnologia Instituto de Patologia Tropical E Saúde Pública, Universidade Federal de Goiás, Goiânia, Goiás, Brazil

    Welber Daniel Zanetti Lopes

Authors
  1. Thiago Souza Azeredo Bastos
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  2. Leonardo Bueno Cruvinel
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  3. Lorena Lopes Ferreira
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  4. João Eduardo Nicaretta
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  5. Luiz Fellipe Monteiro Couto
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  6. Dina María Beltrán Zapa
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  7. Alliny Souza de Assis Cavalcante
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  8. Luciana Maffini Heller
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  9. Vanessa Ferreira Salvador
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  10. Luccas Lourenzo Lima Lins Leal
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  11. Igor Maciel Lopes de Morais
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  12. Vando Edésio Soares
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  13. Fabiano Antônio Cadioli
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  14. Welber Daniel Zanetti Lopes
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

Corresponding author

Correspondence to Welber Daniel Zanetti Lopes.

Ethics declarations

Conflict of interest

The authors declare no competing interests.

Additional information

Section Editor: Leonhard Schnittger

Publisher’s note

Springer Nature remains neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in published maps and institutional affiliations.

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

About this article

Check for updates. Verify currency and authenticity via CrossMark

Cite this article

Bastos, T.S.A., Cruvinel, L.B., Ferreira, L.L. et al. Delayed reduction of Anaplasma marginale parasitemia and packed cell volume normalization despite prolonged enrofloxacin treatment of cattle co-infected with Trypanosoma vivax. Parasitol Res 120, 2929–2937 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1007/s00436-021-07226-4

Download citation

  • Received:

  • Accepted:

  • Published:

  • Issue Date:

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s00436-021-07226-4

Keywords

Search

Navigation