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Characterization and mosquitocidal potential of neem cake-synthesized silver nanoparticles: genotoxicity and impact on predation efficiency of mosquito natural enemies

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Abstract

Mosquitoes (Diptera: Culicidae) serve as important vectors for a wide number of parasites and pathogens of huge medical and veterinary importance. Aedes aegypti is a primary dengue vector in tropical and subtropical urban areas. There is an urgent need to develop eco-friendly mosquitocides. In this study, silver nanoparticles (AgNP) were biosynthesized using neem cake, a by-product of the neem oil extraction from the seed kernels of Azadirachta indica. AgNP were characterized using a variety of biophysical methods, including UV–vis spectrophotometry, FTIR, SEM, EDX, and XRD analyses. Furthermore, the neem cake extract and the biosynthesized AgNP were tested for acute toxicity against larvae and pupae of the dengue vector Ae. aegypti. LC50 values achieved by the neem cake extract ranged from 106.53 (larva I) to 235.36 ppm (pupa), while AgNP LC50 ranged from 3.969 (larva I) to 8.308 ppm (pupa). In standard laboratory conditions, the predation efficiency of a Carassius auratus per day was 7.9 (larva II) and 5.5 individuals (larva III). Post-treatment with sub-lethal doses of AgNP, the predation efficiency was boosted to 9.2 (larva II) and 8.1 individuals (larva III). The genotoxic effect of AgNP was studied on C. auratus using the comet assay and micronucleus frequency test. DNA damage was evaluated on peripheral erythrocytes sampled at different time intervals from the treatment; experiments showed no significant damages at doses below 12 ppm. Overall, this research pointed out that neem cake-fabricated AgNP are easy to produce, stable over time, and can be employed at low dosages to reduce populations of dengue vectors, with moderate detrimental effects on non-target mosquito natural enemies.

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Acknowledgments

We thank the financial support by King Saud University, Saudi Arabia, Vice Deanship of Research Chairs: Research Chairs.

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. Division of Entomology, Department of Zoology, School of Life sciences, Bharathiar University, Coimbatore, 641 046, Tamil Nadu, India

    Balamurugan Chandramohan, Kadarkarai Murugan, Chellasamy Panneerselvam, Pari Madhiyazhagan, Ramachandran Chandirasekar, Devakumar Dinesh, Palanisamy Mahesh Kumar, Kalimuthu Kovendan, Udaiyan Suresh, Jayapal Subramaniam & Rajapandian Rajaganesh

  2. Faculty of Science, Department of Biology, University of Tabuk, Tabuk, 71491, Saudi Arabia

    Al Thabiani Aziz

  3. Department of Ecosystem studies, School of Environmental Science, University of Shiga Prefecture, 2500 Hassaka-cho, Hikone, Shiga, 522-8533, Japan

    Ban Syuhei

  4. Department of Physics and Astronomy, Research Chair in Laser Diagnosis of Cancer, King Saud University, Riyadh, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia

    Mohamad Saleh Alsalhi & Sandhanasamy Devanesan

  5. Department of Environmental Biology, Sapienza University of Rome, Piazzale Aldo Moro 5, 00185, Rome, Italy

    Marcello Nicoletti

  6. Institute of Plant Protection, Fujian Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Fuzhou, 350013, Fujian, China

    Hui Wei

  7. Department of Agriculture, Food and Environment, University of Pisa, via del Borghetto 80, 56124, Pisa, Italy

    Giovanni Benelli

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  1. Balamurugan Chandramohan
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  2. Kadarkarai Murugan
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  5. Ramachandran Chandirasekar
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  7. Palanisamy Mahesh Kumar
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Corresponding author

Correspondence to Giovanni Benelli.

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All applicable international and national guidelines for the care and use of animals were followed. All procedures performed in studies involving animals were in accordance with the ethical standards of the institution or practice at which the studies were conducted.

Conflict of interest

The authors declare no conflicts of interest. G. Benelli is an Editorial Board Member of Parasitology Research. This does not alter the author’s adherence to all the Parasitology Research policies on sharing data and materials.

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Chandramohan, B., Murugan, K., Panneerselvam, C. et al. Characterization and mosquitocidal potential of neem cake-synthesized silver nanoparticles: genotoxicity and impact on predation efficiency of mosquito natural enemies. Parasitol Res 115, 1015–1025 (2016). https://doi.org/10.1007/s00436-015-4829-9

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  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s00436-015-4829-9

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