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Developments of sulcal pattern and subcortical structures of the forebrain in cynomolgus monkey fetuses: 7-tesla magnetic resonance imaging provides high reproducibility of gross structural changes

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Abstract

The aim of this study was to spatio-temporally clarify gross structural changes in the forebrain of cynomolgus monkey fetuses using 7-tesla magnetic resonance imaging (MRI). T1-weighted coronal, horizontal, and sagittal MR slices of fixed left cerebral hemispheres were obtained from one male fetus at embryonic days (EDs) 70–150. The timetable for fetal sulcation by MRI was in good agreement with that by gross observations, with a lag time of 10–30 days. A difference in detectability of some sulci seemed to be associated with the length, depth, width, and location of the sulci. Furthermore, MRI clarified the embryonic days of the emergence of the callosal (ED 70) and circular (ED 90) sulci, which remained unpredictable under gross observations. Also made visible by the present MRI were subcortical structures of the forebrain such as the caudate nucleus, globus pallidus, putamen, major subdivisions of the thalamus, and hippocampal formation. Their adult-like features were formed by ED 100, corresponding to the onset of a signal enhancement in the gray matter, which reflects neuronal maturation. The results reveal a highly reproducible level of gross structural changes in the forebrain using a high spatial 7-tesla MRI. The present MRI study clarified some changes that are difficult to demonstrate nondestructively using only gross observations, for example, the development of cerebral sulci located on the deep portions of the cortex, as well as cortical and subcortical neuronal maturation.

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Abbreviations

2D:

Two-dimensional

3D:

Three-dimensional

apos:

Anterior parietal sulcus

cal:

Calcarine sulcus

cas:

Callosal sulcus

cc:

Corpus callosum

Cd:

Caudate nucleus

cgs:

Cingulate sulcus

Cl:

Claustrum

cos:

Collateral sulcus

FLV:

Frontal horn of lateral ventricle

GP:

Globus pallidus

HF:

Hippocampal formation

his:

Hippocampal sulcus

Hb:

Habenular nucleus

ical:

Inferior calcarine sulcus

ios:

Inferior occipital sulcus

MD:

Mediodorsal nucleus of thalamus

MR:

Magnetic resonance

MRI:

Magnetic resonance imaging

Ln:

Lentiform nucleus

OG:

Occipital gyrus

olfs:

Olfactory sulcus

ots:

Occipitotemporal sulcus

OLV:

Occipital horn of lateral ventricle

plic:

Posterior limb of internal capsule

pos:

Parietooccipital sulcus

Pu:

Putamen

Pul:

Pulvinar of thalamus

RF:

Radiofrequency

rf:

Rhinal fissure

ros:

Rostral sulcus

sbps:

Subparietal sulcus

scal:

Superior calcarine sulcus

SE:

Spin-echo

Spt:

Septum

TE:

Echo time

Th:

Thalamus

TR:

Repetition time

VA:

Ventral anterior nucleus of thalamus

VL:

Ventral lateral nucleus of thalamus

VP:

Ventral posterior nucleus of thalamus

VZ:

Ventricular zone

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Acknowledgments

This study was supported by a Grant-in-Aid for Scientific Research (20590176) from the Ministry of Education, Culture, Sports, Science and Technology, Japan. The authors wish to thank Ms. M. Yoneyama and Mr. S. Saito of the MR Molecular Imaging Team, Molecular Imaging Center, National Institute of Radiological Sciences, Chiba 263–8555, Japan, for their expert technical assistance with the MRI.

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. Laboratory of Anatomy, Department of Physical Therapy, Faculty of Medical and Health Sciences, Tsukuba International University, Tsuchiura, Ibaraki, 300-0051, Japan

    Kazuhiko Sawada

  2. Regulation Science Research Group, National Institute of Radiological Sciences, Chiba, 263-8555, Japan

    Xue-Zhi Sun

  3. Shin Nippon Biomedical Laboratories, Kagoshima, 891-1394, Japan

    Katsuhiro Fukunishi, Masatoshi Kashima & Hiroshi Tokado

  4. Department of Anatomy and Developmental Neurobiology, University of Tokushima Graduate School Institute of Health Biosciences, Tokushima, 770-8503, Japan

    Hiromi Sakata-Haga & Yoshihiro Fukui

  5. MR Molecular Imaging Team, Molecular Imaging Center, National Institute of Radiological Sciences, Chiba, 263-8555, Japan

    Ichio Aoki

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  1. Kazuhiko Sawada
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  2. Xue-Zhi Sun
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  3. Katsuhiro Fukunishi
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  4. Masatoshi Kashima
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  8. Yoshihiro Fukui
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Correspondence to Kazuhiko Sawada.

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Sawada, K., Sun, XZ., Fukunishi, K. et al. Developments of sulcal pattern and subcortical structures of the forebrain in cynomolgus monkey fetuses: 7-tesla magnetic resonance imaging provides high reproducibility of gross structural changes. Brain Struct Funct 213, 469–480 (2009). https://doi.org/10.1007/s00429-009-0204-x

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  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s00429-009-0204-x

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