Abstract
In previous research, hands-crossed versions of a social variant of the Simon task were used to distinguish between effector-based coding of the Social Simon effect (SSE, analogously to the standard Simon effect) or body-based coding, in which the coding of stimulus location and seating position of the participants functions as a spatial reference frame. In the present study, the analysis of the SSE with respect to previous task requirements (i.e., Simon compatibility in N−1) in a hands-crossed variant of the Social Simon task shows that neither type of coding provides a sole explanation of the pattern of a SSE. Instead, the data pattern seems to be explained more parsimoniously by the assumption of a strengthening of low level feature integration mechanisms in a social setting, taking repetitions and alternations of both agents’ stimulus and response features into account.
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Notes
In order to better compare our findings with those of the Welsh (2009) study, we ran an additional analysis on the present experimental data with crossed hands including the dataset of a previous study in which another group of participants performed exactly the same task with hands uncrossed (Liepelt et al., 2011). This analysis included the factors Compatibility (Compatible vs. Incompatible), Preceding Compatibility on trial (N−1), and Group (Crossed vs. Uncrossed). The analysis was performed separately for the Individual go/nogo task and the Joint go/nogo task. For the Individual go/nogo task this analysis showed no overall SSE effect, but a sequential modulation across both groups (Crossed, Uncrossed), F(1, 46) = 50.96, MSe = 132.71, p < 0.001, partial η2 = 0.53. The sequential modulation did not differ between crossed- and uncrossed-effector conditions for the Individual go/nogo tasks, F(1, 46) < 1, partial η2 = 0.01. For the Joint go/nogo tasks, however, we found a significant overall SSE across both groups (Crossed, Uncrossed), F(1, 46) = 7.26, MSe = 156.07, p < 0.05, partial η2 = 0.14, which was, however, entirely driven by the 9 ms Simon effect in the uncrossed-effector condition (compared to the 0 ms in the hands-crossed condition). This enlargement of the SSE in the uncrossed-effector condition compared to the crossed-effector condition was also reliable, F(1, 46) = 5.27, MSe = 156.07, p < 0.05, partial η2 = 0.10. Further, we found a sequential modulation across both groups (Crossed, Uncrossed) for the Joint go/nogo tasks, F(1, 46) = 174.44, MSe = 100.66, p < 0.001, partial η2 = 0.79, which did not differ between crossed- and uncrossed-effector conditions, F(1, 46) < 1, partial η2 = 0.002.
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Acknowledgments
The present research was supported by a grant from the German Research Foundation awarded to R.L. (DFG LI 2115/1-1). The authors wish to thank Julia Haupt for help with data acquisition, Marco Steinhauser and Timothy N. Welsh for their helpful comments on a previous version of this article.
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Liepelt, R., Wenke, D. & Fischer, R. Effects of feature integration in a hands-crossed version of the Social Simon paradigm. Psychological Research 77, 240–248 (2013). https://doi.org/10.1007/s00426-012-0425-0
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DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s00426-012-0425-0