Abstract
Understanding of the molecular interplay, which determines early steps of flower formation has grown considerably during last years. In contrast, genetic actions responsible for how flower organs acquire their size and shape at later phases of organogenesis are still poorly understood. We have exploited the large and anatomically simple Gerbera (Gerbera hybrida var. Terra regina) ray flower petals to describe transcriptional changes during organogenesis. Gerbera 9 K cDNA microarray was utilized to profile gene expression at six different developmental stages of petal organogenesis, at the earliest stage expansion of petals is starting and at the latest stage petals have reached their final size and shape. Genes potentially participating in petal opening were identified based on the similarity in expression with a known marker gene. Our results showed characteristic sets of genes expressed during the cell division and cell expansion phases of petal development. Interestingly, there was a transition stage during which neither cell division nor cell expansion marker genes were abundantly expressed. Moreover, constitutive expression of late petal specific genes indicates that they participate in petal organogenesis throughout the development and they are not involved in stage specific switch points.
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Abbreviations
- AGI:
-
Arabidopsis genome initiative
- BLAST:
-
Basic local alignment search tool
- EST:
-
Expressed sequence tag
- FDR:
-
False discovery rate
- IAA:
-
Indole-3-acetic acid
- MIAME:
-
Minimum information about a microarray experiment
- RT-RT-PCR:
-
Real time reverse transcriptase polymerase chain reaction
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Acknowledgments
Dr. Petri Auvinen from the Microarray Unit of the Institute of Biotechnology, University of Helsinki, is thanked for providing facilities and guidance during this work. Dr. Outi Monni from the Biomedicum Biochip Centre, University of Helsinki, is thanked for printing the microarray slides. We thank Anu Rokkanen and Eija Takala for the technical help in the gerbera laboratory and Sanna Peltola for taking care of the plants in the greenhouse. We also thank Jarno Tuimala at the Finnish IT centre for science (CSC) for providing useful comments on the statistical analysis of microarray experiments. This work was supported by the Academy of Finland (grant no. 105981 for M.K., and no. 104608 for P.E.; Finnish Center of Excellence Programme 2000–2005, 2006–2011 for T.H.T.). R.L. is funded by the Viikki Graduate School in Biosciences, University of Helsinki.
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Accession numbers: Microarray raw data and experimental design has been submitted to Array-Express, http://www.ebi.ac.uk/arrayexpress. The array design is under accession number A-MEXP-244 and A-MEXP-249 and the experimental data under accession E-MEXP-578. Microarray results from Laitinen et al. (2005) are under accessions E-MEXP-206 and E-MEXP-207. EST sequence data from this article can be found in the EMBL/GenBank data libraries under accession numbers AJ750001-AJ766994. EST sequence data and annotations are available in OpenSputnik database at http://www.sputnik.btk.fi and at Plant Genome network at http://www.pgn.cornell.edu.
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Laitinen, R.A.E., Pöllänen, E., Teeri, T.H. et al. Transcriptional analysis of petal organogenesis in Gerbera hybrida . Planta 226, 347–360 (2007). https://doi.org/10.1007/s00425-007-0486-2
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DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s00425-007-0486-2