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Signaling pathways from the chloroplast to the nucleus

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Abstract

Genetic and physiological studies have to-date revealed evidence for five signaling pathways by which the chloroplast exerts retrograde control over nuclear genes. One of these pathways is dependent on product(s) of plastid protein synthesis, for another the signal is singlet oxygen, a third employs chloroplast-generated hydrogen peroxide, a fourth is controlled by the redox state of the photosynthetic electron transport chain, and a fifth involves intermediates and possibly proteins of tetrapyrrole biosynthesis. These five pathways may be part of a complex signaling network that links the functional and physiological state of the chloroplast to the nucleus. Mutants defective in various steps of photosynthesis reveal a surprising diversity in nuclear responses suggesting the existence of a complex signaling network.

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Abbreviations

ALA:

5-aminolevulinic acid

CHL H:

H subunit of Mg-chelatase

CHL I:

I subunit of Mg-chelatase

Chl:

Chlorophyll

Chld:

Chlorophyllide

DBMIB:

2,5-di-bromo-3-methyl-6-isopropyl-p-benzoquinone

DCMU:

3-(3,4-dichlorophenyl)-1,1-dimethyl urea

gun :

Genome uncoupled

LHC :

Gene for light-harvesting chlorophyll a/b binding protein

MgProto:

Mg protoporphyrin IX

MgProtoMe:

Mg protoporphyrin monomethyl ester

Pchld:

Protochlorophyllide

Proto:

Protoporphyrin IX

Protogen:

Protoporphyrinogen

PS:

Photosystem

RBCS :

Gene for small subunit of ribulose bisphosphate carboxylase/oxygenase

ROS:

Reactive oxygen species

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Acknowledgements

The author wishes to thank Bernhard Grimm, Wolfgang Hess, Anja Liszkay-Krieger, Thomas Pfannschmidt and Michael Schroda for constructive comments on the manuscript. He also wishes to thank Ning Shao and Zinaida Vasileuskaya for drawing of the figures. This project was supported by a grant of the DFG (BE903/13-1).

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  1. Institute of Biology III, University of Freiburg, Schaenzlestrasse 1, 79104, Freiburg, Germany

    Christoph F. Beck

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Beck, C.F. Signaling pathways from the chloroplast to the nucleus. Planta 222, 743–756 (2005). https://doi.org/10.1007/s00425-005-0021-2

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