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Key concepts in muscle regeneration: muscle “cellular ecology” integrates a gestalt of cellular cross-talk, motility, and activity to remodel structure and restore function

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Abstract

This review identifies some key concepts of muscle regeneration, viewed from perspectives of classical and modern research. Early insights noted the pattern and sequence of regeneration across species was similar, regardless of the type of injury, and differed from epimorphic limb regeneration. While potential benefits of exercise for tissue repair was debated, regeneration was not presumed to deliver functional restoration, especially after ischemia–reperfusion injury; muscle could develop fibrosis and ectopic bone and fat. Standard protocols and tools were identified as necessary for tracking injury and outcomes. Current concepts vastly extend early insights. Myogenic regeneration occurs within the environment of muscle tissue. Intercellular cross-talk generates an interactive system of cellular networks that with the extracellular matrix and local, regional, and systemic influences, forms the larger gestalt of the satellite cell niche. Regenerative potential and adaptive plasticity are overlain by epigenetically regionalized responsiveness and contributions by myogenic, endothelial, and fibroadipogenic progenitors and inflammatory and metabolic processes. Muscle architecture is a living portrait of functional regulatory hierarchies, while cellular dynamics, physical activity, and muscle–tendon–bone biomechanics arbitrate regeneration. The scope of ongoing research—from molecules and exosomes to morphology and physiology—reveals compelling new concepts in muscle regeneration that will guide future discoveries for use in application to fitness, rehabilitation, and disease prevention and treatment.

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Abbreviations

cGMP:

Cyclic guanosine monophosphate

ECM:

Extracellular matrix

FAP:

Fibro-adipogenic progenitor

HGF:

Hepatocyte growth factor

Hh:

Hedgehog

ICU:

Intensive care unit

IGF-1:

Insulin-like growth factor 1

IL:

Interleukin

mRNA:

Messenger RNA

miRNA:

MicroRNA

MRF:

Muscular regulatory factor

NAMPT:

Nicotinamide phosphoribosyl transferase

NMJ:

Neuromuscular junction

NO:

Nitric oxide

NOS-Iµ:

Neuronal nitric oxide synthase

Sema3A:

Semaphorin3A

siRNA:

Short interference RNA

TSC:

Terminal Schwann cell

VEGF:

Vascular endothelial growth factor

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Acknowledgements

Many collaborators, colleagues and students have made this work possible.

Funding

The author is grateful for research funding from the Natural Science and Engineering Research Council of Canada (NSERC-RG-PIN-3833-2015).

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  1. Department of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Science, University of Manitoba, 50 Sifton Road, Winnipeg, MB, R3T 2N2, Canada

    Judy E. Anderson

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JA is the sole author; after the invitation to write this review, the author conducted all research for the literature review, drafted and edited the manuscript, and composed the figure.

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Correspondence to Judy E. Anderson.

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The author has no relevant financial or non-financial interests to disclose that are relevant to the content of this article. The review was researched and written by the author, alone, after invitation.

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Communicated by Michael Lindinger.

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Anderson, J.E. Key concepts in muscle regeneration: muscle “cellular ecology” integrates a gestalt of cellular cross-talk, motility, and activity to remodel structure and restore function. Eur J Appl Physiol 122, 273–300 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1007/s00421-021-04865-4

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