Abstract
The head’s capacity for evaporative heat loss is important for design of protective helmets for use in hot environments. This study quantified head sweating rate (m sw) in eight males during rest and exercise at three metabolic rates (338 ± 36, 481 ± 24, 622 ± 28 W) in hot-dry (HD: 45 °C, 21 % RH) and hot-wet (HW: 35 °C, 69 % RH) conditions (matched at 31.6 °C WBGT), which were counterbalanced. Heads were shaved, and surface area was (458 ± 61 cm2) measured by 3D scanner. For measurement of head m sw, dry air was passed through a sealed helmet, whereas for forearm m sw a capsule (15.9 cm2) was ventilated with ambient air. Evaporation rate was determined from the increase in vapor pressure in the exiting air. Whole-body sweat loss was calculated from the change in nude weight plus fluid intake and corrected for respiratory fluid losses. Head m sw increased (p = 0.001) with metabolic rate, and was lower (p = 0.018) in HD (0.4 ± 0.2 mg cm−2 min−1 at rest to 1.1 ± 0.6 mg cm−2 min−1 at 622 W), compared to HW (0.5 ± 0.3–1.4 ± 0.8 mg cm−2 min−1). Forearm m sw increased (p < 0.001) with metabolic rate, but was higher (p = 0.002) in HD (0.4 ± 0.3–1.4 ± 0.7 mg cm−2 min−1) than HW (0.1 ± 0.1–1.1 ± 0.3 mg cm−2 min−1). Whole-body sweat loss was not significantly different (p = 0.06) between HD (647 ± 139 g m−2 h−1) and HW (528 ± 189 g m−2 h−1). This study demonstrates the importance of the head for evaporative heat loss, particularly for populations who wear protective clothing which can impair vapor transfer from the skin.
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Acknowledgments
We are very grateful to the subjects who cheerfully completed many days of exercise –heat stress. We are also indebted to the following people who assisted us with their technical expertise and ensured the success of this study: Larry G. Berglund, Jeremy Carson, Brian Corner, Leonard D. Elliott, Vincent A. Forte, SPC Robert E. Hollins, Peng Li, Ingrid V. Sils.
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Communicated by George Havenith.
The opinions or assertions contained herein are the private views of the author(s) and are not to be construed as official or as reflecting the views of the Army or the Department of Defense. Human subjects participated in these studies after giving their free and informed voluntary consent. The investigators have adhered to the policies for protection of human subjects as prescribed in Army Regulation 70-25, and the research was conducted in adherence with the provisions of 32 CFR Part 219. Any citations of commercial organizations and trade names in this report do not constitute an official Department of the Army endorsement of approval of the products or services of these organizations.
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O’Brien, C., Cadarette, B.S. Quantification of head sweating during rest and exercise in the heat. Eur J Appl Physiol 113, 735–741 (2013). https://doi.org/10.1007/s00421-012-2482-x
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DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s00421-012-2482-x