Abstract
This study was undertaken to characterize the effects of the linear periodized training in rats on aerobic and anaerobic performance, glycogen concentration in soleus, gastrocnemius and liver, hormones concentrations (testosterone and corticosterone), enzymes and metabolites (creatine kinase, lactate dehydrogenase, creatinine, uric acid and urea) as well as antioxidant system (catalase, superoxide dismutase and sulfhydryl groups) after basic, specific and taper periods. Seventy male Wistar rats were randomly separated in two groups: control/sedentary (CT, n = 40) and linear periodized training (LPT, n = 30). The LPT was carried out during a period of 12 weeks (w) with frequency of 6 days/week. The training period was subdivided in three mesocycles: basic (6 weeks), specific (4.5 weeks) and taper (1.5 weeks). The real volume of the training obtained in LPT reduced 7% in relation to the estimated volume. The anaerobic index in LPT after basic and taper was higher than CT in respective period but unchanged intra-group during mesocycles. The aerobic performance in LPT was higher than CT after basic, specific and taper. The creatine kinase and catalase reduced after the taper period in relation to CT and baseline. The glycogen stores in soleus increased after basic in relation to CT. The liver glycogen concentration increased after taper in relation to basic and specific period as well in comparison to CT. In conclusion, the stress biomarkers reduced in taper period in order to increase the aerobic and anaerobic performance in relation to CT.
Similar content being viewed by others
References
American College of Sports Medicine (2002) Position stand on progression models in resistance training for healthy adults. Med Sci Sports Exerc 34:364–380
Ariano MA, Armstrong PB, Edgerton VP (1973) Hindlimb muscle fiber populations of five mammals. J Histochem Cytochem 21:51–55
Birren JE, Kay H (1958) Swimming speed of the albino rat: I age and sex differences. J Gerontol 13:374–377
Bocalini DS, Carvalho EV, de Sousa AF, Levy RF, Tucci PJ (2010) Exercise training-induced enhancement in myocardial mechanics is lost after 2 weeks of detraining in rats. Eur J Appl Physiol 109:909–914
Booth FW, Laye MJ, Spangenburg EE (2010) Gold standards for scientists who are conducting animal-based exercise studies. J Appl Physiol 108:219–221
Botezelli JD, Mora RF, Dalia RA, Moura LP, Cambri LT, Ghezzi AC, Voltarelli FA, Mello MA (2010) Exercise counteracts fatty liver disease in rats fed on fructose-rich diet. Lipids Health Dis 14(9):116
Brink MS, Nederhof E, Visscher C, Schmikli SL, Lemmink KA (2010) Monitoring load, recovery, and performance in young elite soccer players. J Strength Cond Res 24:597–603
Cambri LT, Dalia RA, Ribeiro C, Rostom de Mello MA (2010) Aerobic capacity of rats recovered from fetal malnutrition with a fructose-rich diet. Appl Physiol Nutr Metab 35:490–497
Caperuto EC, dos Santos RV, Mello MT, Costa Rosa LF (2009) Effect of endurance training on hypothalamic serotonin concentration and performance. Clin Exp Pharmacol Physiol 36:189–191
Carvalho JF, Masuda MO, Pompeu FAMS (2005) Method for diagnosis and control of aerobic training in rats based on lactate threshold. Comp Biochem Physiol A 140:409–413
Chimin P, de Araujo GG, Manchado FB, Gobatto CA (2009) Critical load during continuous and discontinuous training in swimming. Wistar rats 5:45–58
Cohen D (1988) Statistical power analysis for the behavioral sciences. Lawrence Erlbaum Associates, Hillsdale
Contarteze RVL, Manchado FB, Gobatto CA, Mello MAR (2008) Stress biomarkers in rats submitted to swimming and treadmill running exercises. Comp Biochem Physiol A Mol Integr Physiol 151:415–422
Costill DL, Flynn MG, Kirwan JP, Houmard JA, Mitchell JB, Thomas R, Park SH (1988) Effects of repeated days of intensified training on muscle glycogen and swimming performance. Med Sci Sports Exerc 20:249–254
Costill DL, Thomas R, Robergs RA, Pascoe D, Lambert C, Barr S, Fink WJ (1991) Adaptations to swimming training: influence of training volume. Med Sci Sports Exerc 23:371–377
de Araujo GG, Papoti M, Manchado FB, Mello MA, Gobatto CA (2007) Protocols for hyperlactatemia induction in the lactate minimum test adapted to swimming rats. Comp Biochem Physiol A Mol Integr Physiol 148:888–892
de Mello MA, de Souza CT, Braga LR, dos Santos JW, Ribeiro IA, Gobatto CA (2001) Glucose tolerance and insulin action in monosodium glutamate (MSG) obese exercise-trained rats. Physiol Chem Phys Med NMR 33:63–71
de Souza CT, Nunes WM, Gobatto CA, de Mello MA (2003) Insulin secretion in monosodium glutamate (MSG) obese rats submitted to aerobic exercise training. Physiol Chem Phys Med NMR 35:43–53
Dubois B, Gilles KA, Hamilton JK, Rebers PA (1956) Colorimetric method for determination of sugar and related substances. Anal Chem 8:350–356
Fitts RH, Costill DL, Gardetto PR (1989) Effect of swim exercise training on human muscle fiber function. J Appl Physiol 66:465–475
Fry RW, Morton AR, Garcia-Webb P, Crawford GP, Keast D (1992) Biological responses to overload training in endurance sports. Eur J Appl Physiol Occup Physiol 64:335–344
García-López D, Häkkinen K, Cuevas MJ, Lima E, Kauhanen A, Mattila M, Sillanpää E, Ahtiainen JP, Karavirta L, Almar M, González-Gallego J (2007) Effects of strength and endurance training on antioxidant enzyme gene expression and activity in middle-aged men. Scand J Med Sci Sports 17:595–604
García-Pallarés J, García-Fernández M, Sánchez-Medina L, Izquierdo M (2010) Performance changes in world-class kayakers following two different training periodization models. Eur J Appl Physiol 110:99–107
Gobatto CA, de Mello MA, Sibuya CY, de Azevedo JR, dos Santos LA, Kokubun E (2001) Maximal lactate steady state in rats submitted to swimming exercise. Comp Biochem Physiol A Mol Integr Physiol 130:21–27
Gomes RJ, de Oliveira CA, Ribeiro C, Mota CS, Moura LP, Tognoli LM, Leme JA, Luciano E, de Mello MA (2009) Effects of exercise training on hippocampus concentrations of insulin and IGF-1 in diabetic rats. Hippocampus 19:981–987
Halson SL, Jeukendrup AE (2004) Does overtraining exist? An analysis of overreaching and overtraining research. Sports Med 34:967–981
Hao L, Wang Y, Duan Y, Bu S (2010) Effects of treadmill exercise training on liver fat accumulation and estrogen receptor alpha expression in intact and ovariectomized rats with or without estrogen replacement treatment. Eur J Appl Physiol 109:879–886
Hargreaves M (2004) Muscle glycogen and metabolic regulation. Proc Nutr Soc 63:217–220
Hedelin R, Kentta G, Wilklund U, Wiklund U, Bjerle P, Henriksson-Larsén K (2000) Short-term overtraining: effects on performance, circulatory responses, and heart rate variability. Med Sci Sports Exerc 32:1480–1484
Issurin VB (2008) Block periodization versus traditional training theory: a review. J Sports Med Phys Fit 48:65–75
Issurin VB (2010) New horizons for the methodology and physiology of training periodization. Sports Med 40:189–206
Ji LL (1999) Antioxidants and oxidative stress in exercise. Proc Soc Exp Biol Med 222:283–292
Kostaropoulos IA, Nikolaidis MG, Jamurtas AZ, Ikonomou GV, Makrygiannis V, Papadopoulos G, Kouretas D (2006) Comparison of the blood redox status between long-distance and short-distance runners. Physiol Res 55:611–616
Kraemer WJ, Ratamess N, Fry AC, Triplett-McBride T, Koziris LP, Bauer JA, Lynch JM, Fleck SJ (2000) Influence of resistance training volume and periodization on physiological and performance adaptations in collegiate women tennis players. Am J Sports Med 28:626–633
Kraemer WJ, Nindl BC, Ratamess NA, Gotshalk LA, Volek JS, Fleck SJ, Newton RU, Hakkinen K (2004) Changes in muscle hypertrophy in women with periodized resistance training. Med Sci Sport Exerc 36:697–708
Kubukeli ZN, Noakes TD, Dennis SC (2002) Training techniques to improve endurance exercise performances. Sports Med 32:489–509
Lamberts RP, Rietjens GJ, Tijdink HH, Noakes TD, Lambert MI (2010) Measuring submaximal performance parameters to monitor fatigue and predict cycling performance: a case study of a world-class cyclo-cross cyclist. Eur J Appl Physiol 108:183–190
Lambertucci RH, Levada-Pires AC, Rossoni LV, Curi R, Pithon-Curi TC (2007) Effects of aerobic exercise training on antioxidant enzyme activities and mRNA levels in soleus muscle from young and aged rats. Mech Ageing Dev 128:267–275
Laursen SH, Paul B, Marsh SA, Jenkins DG, Coombes JS (2007) Manipulating training intensity and volume in already well-trained rats: effect on skeletal muscle oxidative and glycolytic enzymes and buffering capacity. Appl Physiol Nutr Metab 32:434–442
Lee SH, Kim HJ, Mun JS, Oh HC, Lee HW, Choi CH, Kim JW, Do JH, Kim JG, Chang SK, Kim MK (2008) A case of primary hepatic Burkitt’s lymphoma. Korean J Gastroenterol 51:259–264
Lehmann M, Dickhuth HH, Gendrisch G, Lazar W, Thum M, Kaminski R, Aramendi JF, Peterke E, Wieland W, Keul J (1991) Training-overtraining. A prospective, experimental study with experienced middle- and long-distance runners. Int J Sports Med 12:444–452
Lehmann M, Gastmann U, Petersen KG, Bachl N, Seidel A, Khalaf AN, Fischer S, Keul J (1992) Training overtraining: performance, and hormone levels, after a defined increase in training volume versus intensity in experienced middle- and long-distance runners. Br J Sports Med 26:233–242
Leme JA, Silveira RF, Gomes RJ, Moura RF, Sibuya CA, Mello MA, Luciano E (2009) Long-term physical training increases liver IGF-I in diabetic rats. Growth Horm IGF Res 19:262–266
Maglischo EW (2003) Swimming fastest. Human kinetics
Manchado FB, Gobatto CA, Voltarelli FA, Mello MAR (2006) Nonexhaustive test for aerobic capacity determination in swimming rats. Appl Physiol Nutr Metab 31:731–736
Matveyev LP (1981) Fundamental of Sport Training. Progress Publisher, Moscow
McArdle WD, Montoye HJ (1966) Reliability of exhaustive swimming in the laboratory rat. J Appl Physiol 21:1431–1434
Meier GW (1964) Differences in maze performance as a function of age and strain of housemice. J Comp Physiol Psychol 58:418–422
Motoo Y, Ohta H, Okai T, Sawabu N (1991) Adult-onset Still’s disease: hepatic involvement and various serum markers relating to the disease activity. Jpn J Med 30:247–250
Mujika I, Padilla S (2003) Scientific bases for precompetition tapering strategies. Med Sci Sports Exerc 35:1182–1187
Mujika I, Chatard JC, Busso T, Geyssant A, Barale F, Lacoste L (1995) Effects of training on performance in competitive swimming. Can J Appl Physiol 20:395–406
Nakatani A, Han DH, Hansen PA, Nolte LA, Host HH, Hickner RC, Holloszy JO (1997) Effect of endurance exercise training on muscle glycogen supercompensation in rats. J Appl Physiol 82:711–715
Papoti M, Martins LE, Cunha SA, Zagatto AM, Gobatto CA (2007) Effects of taper on swimming force and swimmer performance after an experimental ten-week training program. J Strength Cond Res 21:538–542
Pimenta Ada S, Lambertucci RH, Gorjão R, Silveira Ldos R, Curi R (2007) Effect of a single session of electrical stimulation on activity and expression of citrate synthase and antioxidant enzymes in rat soleus muscle. Eur J Appl Physiol 102:119–126
Purvis D, Gonsalves S, Deuster PA (2010) Physiological and psychological fatigue in extreme conditions: overtraining and elite athletes. PM R 2:442–450
Seiler KS, Kjerland GØ (2006) Quantifying training intensity distribution in elite endurance athletes: is there evidence for an “optimal” distribution? Scand J Med Sci Sports 16:49–56
Smith MF, Balmer J, Coleman DA, Bird SR, Davison RC (2002) Method of lactate elevation does not affect the determination of the lactate minimum. Med Sci Sports Exerc 34:1744–1749
Snyder AC (1998) Overtraining and glycogen depletion hypothesis. Med Sci Sports Exerc 30:1146–1150
Snyder AC, Kuipers H, Cheng B, Servais R, Fransen E (1995) Overtraining following intensified training with normal muscle glycogen. Med Sci Sports Exerc 27:1063–1070
Soares de Alencar Mota C, Ribeiro C, de Araújo GG, de Araújo MB, de Barros Manchado-Gobatto F, Voltarelli FA, de Oliveira CA, Luciano E, de Mello MA (2008) Exercise training in the aerobic/anaerobic metabolic transition prevents glucose intolerance in alloxan-treated rats. BMC Endocr Disord 2:8–11
Tegtbur U, Busse MW, Braumann KM (1993) Estimation of an individual equilibrium between lactate production and catabolism during exercise. Med Sci Sports Exerc 25:620–627
Vandenberghe K, Hespel P, Vanden Eynde B, Lysens R, Richter EA (1995) No effect of glycogen level on glycogen metabolism during high intensity exercise. Med Sci Sports Exerc 27:1278–1283
Vandenberghe K, Richter EA, Hespel P (1999) Regulation of glycogen breakdown by glycogen level in contracting rat muscle. Acta Physiol Scand 165:307–314
Voltarelli FA, Gobatto CA, Mello MAR (2002) Determination of anaerobic threshold in rats using the lactate minimum test. Braz J Med Biol Res 35:1–6
Young A (2005) Effects on plasma glucose and lactate. Adv Pharmacol 52:193–208
Acknowledgments
The authors thank FAPESP (04/01205-6; 06/58411-2) for the financial support.
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Corresponding author
Additional information
Communicated by William J. Kraemer.
Rights and permissions
About this article
Cite this article
de Araujo, G.G., Papoti, M., dos Reis, I.G.M. et al. Physiological responses during linear periodized training in rats. Eur J Appl Physiol 112, 839–852 (2012). https://doi.org/10.1007/s00421-011-2020-2
Received:
Accepted:
Published:
Issue Date:
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s00421-011-2020-2