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Cardiac autonomic neuropathy predicts diabetic retinopathy progression in Asian population with type 2 diabetes mellitus

  • Retinal Disorders
  • Published:
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Abstract

Purpose

To investigate the role of cardiac autonomic neuropathy (CAN), vascular condition, and sensory function in diabetic retinopathy (DR) progression.

Methods

This 3-year cohort study conducted in a community hospital included 4850 patients over 20 with type 2 diabetes mellitus. Participants were assessed in 2017 at baseline and were followed up in 2020. Patients were divided into two groups based on whether they had DR progression or not and were compared using the chi-square test or two-sample t-test. Beta coefficient and odds ratio (OR) with 95% confidence intervals were calculated using binary logistic regression. The receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curve of various independent variables for DR progression was provided with C-statistics.

Results

Abnormal hemoglobin A1c (HbA1c) level/variation, estimated glomerular filtration rate, urine albumin-to-creatinine ratio, R-R interval variation, standard deviation of the average NN intervals, autonomic nervous system function, power of high-frequency (HF) bands, balance, cardio-ankle vascular index (CAVI), and warm stimulation (WS) were associated with DR progression. Average HbA1c, HF, and proliferative diabetic retinopathy were independent factors for patients developing DR progression. The top three areas under the curve of ROCs were HF + baseline DR grading, WS + baseline DR grading, and CAVI + baseline DR grading. These variable combinations were the most reliable predictors of DR progression.

Conclusion

CAN, abnormal vascular condition, and sensory function are associated with DR progression. The combination of HF, WS, and CAVI with baseline DR grading provides the most accurate predictive model for DR progression. Early detection of these factors is important to prevent DR progression.

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Author information

Authors and Affiliations

  1. Department of Ophthalmology, Taipei City Hospital, Ren-Ai Branch, Taipei, Taiwan

    Chu-Yu Yen

  2. Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Department of Internal Medicine, ZhongXiao Branch, Taipei City Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan

    Chun-Sen Chen & Kuo-Meng Liao

  3. Department of Ophthalmology, Taipei City Hospital, Zhongxiao Branch, No. 87, Tonde Road, Nankang District, Taipei, Taiwan

    I-Mo Fang

  4. Department of Ophthalmology, National Taiwan University Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan

    I-Mo Fang

  5. Department of Special Education, University of Taipei, Taipei, Taiwan

    I-Mo Fang

Authors
  1. Chu-Yu Yen
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  2. Chun-Sen Chen
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  3. Kuo-Meng Liao
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  4. I-Mo Fang
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Contributions

Conceptualization: I-Mo Fang, Chu-Yu Yen.

Methodology: I-Mo Fang, Chu-Yu Yen.

Formal analysis and investigation: I-Mo Fang, Chu-Yu Yen.

Writing–original draft preparation: Chu-Yu Yen.

Writing–review and editing: I-Mo Fang.

Supervision: I-Mo Fang, Chun-Sen Chen, Kuo-Meng Liao.

All authors read and approved the final manuscript.

Corresponding author

Correspondence to I-Mo Fang.

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Ethics approval

All procedures performed in studies involving human participants were in accordance with the ethical standards of the Research Ethics Committee of Taipei City Hospital (TCHIRB-10801011-E) and with the 1964 Helsinki declaration and its later amendments or comparable ethical standards.

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Informed consent was obtained from all individual participants included in the study.

Conflict of Interest

The authors declare no competing interests.

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Cite this article

Yen, CY., Chen, CS., Liao, KM. et al. Cardiac autonomic neuropathy predicts diabetic retinopathy progression in Asian population with type 2 diabetes mellitus. Graefes Arch Clin Exp Ophthalmol 260, 2491–2499 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1007/s00417-022-05597-7

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  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s00417-022-05597-7

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