Dear Sirs,


As of August 2020, more than 800,000 deaths worldwide have been attributed to COVID-19, of which > 41,000 have been in the United Kingdom and 2494 in Scotland [1]. People with MND (pwMND) may be particularly vulnerable. We completed a population-based analysis of the Scottish MND Register, CARE-MND [2] and a clinician survey, to measure the impact of the pandemic on (1) diagnostic rate, (2) mortality rate, and, (3) delivery of services.

We compared all-cause mortality between 01/03–01/06 in 2015–2019 (comparator period) and 01/03–01/06 2020 (COVID-19 period) using multivariable Poisson regression including age (< 50, 50–70, > 70 years) and year (2015–2020) as independent variables. The regression coefficients for 2015–2019 were pooled in a generic inverse variance random effects model to yield a summary coefficient. We performed Chi-squared test to compare socioeconomic status (SIMD) [3] between those who died and survivors during the COVID-19 period.

To investigate the impact of the pandemic on care delivery, we undertook a structured online survey of MND healthcare professionals focussing on their access to diagnostics and interventions; the survey comprised multiple choice and free text questions.

We identified 1062 pwMND, diagnosed between 01/01/2015–01/06/2020 (median age 68 [IQR 60–75], 632 (59.5%) male). Most (723, 77.7%) had amyotrophic lateral sclerosis.

The number of new diagnoses remained constant after 2016 (range 42–45). Two pwMND, both with progressive muscular atrophy, died with confirmed or suspected COVID-19. One person had an ALSFRS-R 36/48 in July 2020, did not use non-invasive ventilation and died unexpectedly. The other person had an ALSFRS-R of 20/48 in January 2020 and used non-invasive ventilation continuously.

There was no difference in all-cause mortality between the COVID-19 and comparator periods (pooled regression coefficient 1.09 95% CIs 0.78, 1.53; P = 0.61). The mortality rate per 1000 cases was 114 (37/323) in the COVID-19 period and 124 in the comparator period (mean, SD 52.9). Mortality was higher above 70 years age (1.48 95% CI 1.10, 1.99; P = 0.009) and lower below 50 years age (0.41 95% CIs 0.19, 0.80; P = 0.017, Fig. 1a). There were no differences in socioeconomic index in those who died compared to survivors (SIMD 1&2: 38.8% vs. 34.5%; P = 0.42).

Fig. 1
figure 1

a Mortality trends according to age group from 01/03–01/06 2015–2020. b Survey respondents’ (n = 16) answers  regarding the clinical services affected during the COVID-19 pandemic

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Nine consultants and seven nurse specialists completed the survey (representing 13/14 Scottish health boards). The majority reported provision of gastrostomy (75%), respiratory function testing (69%), and non-invasive ventilation (56%) were adversely affected. Riluzole prescription (100%), palliative care (88%), and end-of-life care (81%) were comparatively unaffected (Fig. 1b). Most reported reduced ability for face-to-face review. Opinions about whether videoconferencing was an acceptable substitute were divided (strongly agree/agree 43%, strongly disagree/disagree 38%, remainder undecided).

Clinicians additionally reported 70–90% of pwMND were shielding, and that pwMND expressed heightened anxiety of being exposed to COVID-19, experienced difficulties in receiving support from professional carers and family, felt loneliness, and fears of being denied treatment.

Our study is the first to demonstrate at a national level that rates of new MND diagnoses and all-cause mortality in pwMND have thus far been unaffected by COVID-19. Shielding recommendations by Scottish government may have contributed to the absence of excess mortality. Evaluation of shielding justifies further study including comparison with healthcare systems that did not shield. Comparative international data on mortality and morbidity in pwMND has yet to be published.

Notably, we observed a spike in mortality in 2018, which may be linked to a higher than usual rate of new diagnoses in 2015.

Our data suggest respiratory function tests, non-invasive ventilation and gastrostomy are the worst affected services. Preparations for further waves of COVID-19 should prioritize maintenance of these. The adverse impact of COVID-19 on longer-term quality of life, carer burden, morbidity and mortality in this vulnerable group requires longitudinal evaluation.