References
Chiu HC, Vincent A, Newsom-Davis J, Hsieh KH, Hung T (1987) Myasthenia gravis: population differences in disease expression and acetylcholine receptor antibody titers between Chinese and Caucasians. Neurology 37(12):1854–1857
Vincent A, Palace J, Hilton-Jones D (2001) Myasthenia gravis. Lancet 357(9274):2122–2128
Anhalt GJ, Labib RS, Voorhees JJ, Beals TF, Diaz LA (1982) Induction of pemphigus in neonatal mice by passive transfer of IgG from patients with the disease. N Engl J Med 306(20):1189–1196
Lindstrom JM, Seybold ME, Lennon VA, Whittingham S, Duane DD (1976) Antibody to acetylcholine receptor in myasthenia gravis. Prevalence, clinical correlates, and diagnostic value. Neurology 26(11):1054–1059
Amagai M, Nishikawa T, Nousari HC, Anhalt GJ, Hashimoto T (1998) Antibodies against desmoglein 3 (pemphigus vulgaris antigen) are present in sera from patients with paraneoplastic pemphigus and cause acantholysis in vivo in neonatal mice. J Clin Invest 102(4):775–782
Toyka KV, Drachman DB, Griffin DE, et al. (1977) Myasthenia gravis. Study of humoral immune mechanisms by passive transfer to mice. N Engl J Med 296(3):125–131
Patten SF, Dijkstra JW (1994) Associations of pemphigus and autoimmune disease with malignancy or thymoma. Int J Dermatol 33(12):836–842
Sherer Y, Shoenfeld Y (1999) A malignancy work-up in patients with cancer- associated (paraneoplastic) autoimmune diseases: pemphigus and myasthenic syndromes as cases in point (review). Oncol Rep 6(3):665–668
Leyn J, Degreef H (2001) Paraneoplastic pemphigus in a patient with a thymoma. Dermatology 202(2):151–154
Izumi Y, Kinoshita I, Kita Y, et al. (2002) Myasthenia gravis with diffuse alopecia areata and pemphigus foliaceus. J Neurol 249(10):1455–1456
Takeshita K, Amano M, Shimizu T, et al. (2000) Thymoma with pemphigus foliaceus. Intern Med 39(9):742–747
Wang L, Bu D, Yang Y, Chen X, Zhu X (2004) Castleman’s tumours and production of autoantibody in paraneoplastic pemphigus. Lancet 363(9408):525–531
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Corresponding author
Rights and permissions
About this article
Cite this article
Winkler, D.T., Strnad, P., Meier, M.L. et al. Myasthenia gravis, paraneoplastic pemphigus and thymoma, a rare triade. J Neurol 254, 1601–1603 (2007). https://doi.org/10.1007/s00415-007-0588-6
Received:
Revised:
Accepted:
Published:
Issue Date:
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s00415-007-0588-6