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Validation of the Italian, European, North German, Malaysian, and South African black formulas on Cameriere method using panoramic radiographs in Kenyan children

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Abstract

This study aimed to validate the accuracy of five different formulas based on the Cameriere method for age estimation in Kenyan children. We analyzed panoramic radiographs of 350 Kenyan children (184 males and 166 females) aged between 6 and 13 years. The dental development of each child was estimated by the analysis of the first seven left permanent teeth in the left mandible. Dental age was calculated by the Italian, European, North German, Malaysian, and South African black formulas previously published in peer-review journals. The children’s mean chronological age (CA) was 9.34 ± 2.02 years and 9.26 ± 2.01 years for males and females. In males, the South-African formula overestimated CA least, by 0.12 years, followed by the Italian formula by 0.22 years, the European formula by 0.37 years, the Malaysian formula by 0.48 years, and the North-German formula overestimated the most, by 0.57 years. In females, the South-African formula underestimated CA by − 0.12 years. The Italian overestimated by 0.12 years, followed by the North-German formula by 0.29 years, the European formula by 0.31 years, and the Malaysian formula by 0.40 years. The Italian formula provided the best accuracy in the absolute difference within ± 1 year, by 75.72% and 75%, following the North-German formula by 66.47% and 70.27% for males and females, respectively. Therefore, the findings suggest that the Italian formula best estimates dental age in Kenyan children.

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, School of Dental Sciences, University of Nairobi, Nairobi, Kenya

    Eunice Kihara

  2. Department of Oral Surgery, University of Split School of Medicine, Šoltanska 2, Split, 21000, Croatia

    Ivan Galic & Fuad Mehdi

  3. University Hospital of Split, Spinčićeva 1, Split, 21000, Croatia

    Ivan Galic & Fuad Mehdi

  4. Division of Forensic and Pathology Services, Ministry of Health, Nairobi, Kenya

    Donna Nyamunga

  5. Department of Orthodontics and Dentofacial Orthopaedics, Dental School University: UNICOC, Bogota, Colombia

    Luz Andrea Velandia Palacio

  6. AgEstimation Project, Department of Medicine and Health Sciences “Vincenco Tiberio”, University of Molise, Campobasso, 86100, Italy

    Roberto Cameriere

  7. Department of Forensic Medicine, Sechenov First Moscow State Medical University, Moscow, Russian Federation

    Roberto Cameriere

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  1. Eunice Kihara
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  2. Ivan Galic
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  3. Donna Nyamunga
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  4. Fuad Mehdi
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  5. Luz Andrea Velandia Palacio
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  6. Roberto Cameriere
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Contributions

Eunice Kihara and Ivan Galic contributed equally to this work.

The study was carried out following the ethical standards of the Declaration of Helsinki (Finland).

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Correspondence to Ivan Galic.

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The Kenyatta National Hospital and the University of Nairobi (P686/09/2018).

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Kihara, E., Galic, I., Nyamunga, D. et al. Validation of the Italian, European, North German, Malaysian, and South African black formulas on Cameriere method using panoramic radiographs in Kenyan children. Int J Legal Med 136, 1495–1506 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1007/s00414-022-02854-6

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