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Phosphorus zoning as a recorder of crystal growth kinetics: application to second-generation olivine in mantle xenoliths from the Cima Volcanic Field

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Abstract

Composite mantle xenoliths from the Cima Volcanic Field (CA, USA) contain glassy veins that cross-cut lithologic layering and preserve evidence of lithospheric melt infiltration events. Compositions and textures of minerals and glasses from these veins have the potential to place constraints on the rates and extents of reaction during infiltration. We studied glass-bearing regions of two previously undescribed composite xenoliths, including optical petrography and chemical analysis for major and trace elements by electron probe microanalysis and laser-ablation inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry. The petrogenetic history of each vein involves melt intrusion, cooling accompanied by both wall-rock reaction and crystallization, quench of melt to a glass, and possibly later modifications. Exotic secondary olivine crystals in the veins display concentric phosphorus (P)-rich zoning, P-rich glass inclusions, and zoning of rapidly diffusing elements (e.g., Li) that we interpret as records of rapid disequilibrium events and cooling rates on the order of 10 °C/h. Nevertheless, thermodynamic modeling of the diversity of glass compositions recorded in one of the samples demonstrates extensive reaction with Mg-rich olivine from the matrix before final quench. Our results serve as a case study of methods for interpreting the rates and processes of lithospheric melt-rock reactions in many continental and oceanic environments.

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Acknowledgements

The studied specimens were loaned for this research by the Division of Petrology and Volcanology, Department of Mineral Sciences, Smithsonian Institution. We are grateful for the editorial handling by Mark Ghiorso, and the fruitful comments made by Benoit Welsch and an anonymous reviewer. I.B. funds for this research project implemented within the framework of the Action «Supporting Postdoctoral Researchers» of the Operational Program “Education and Lifelong Learning” (Action’s Beneficiary: General Secretariat for Research and Technology), and is co-financed by the European Social Fund (ESF) and the Greek State, and the IKYDA project with title: “Petrology and Geochemistry of composite mantle xenoliths”. PDA is supported by the US NSF through geoinformatics award EAR-1550934. Quadlab is funded by a Grant to MS from the Villum Foundation. JWB was supported by NASA Grant NNX13AG40G. DP acknowledges the European Research Council (ERC) for the Consolidator Grant ERC-2013-CoG No. 612776–CHRONOS. We are really grateful for thoughtful comments by Prof. Ed Stolper and his contributions throughout the gestation of this manuscript. An earlier version of this manuscript was reviewed by G. Wörner, Cliff Shaw, Benoit Welsch, and an anonymous reviewer.

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Author notes

  1. I. Baziotis

    Present address: Natural Resources and Agricultural Engineering, Agricultural University of Athens, Iera Odos str. 75, 11855, Athens, Greece

  2. S. Flude

    Present address: School of Geosciences, The University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK

  3. M. Storey

    Present address: Quadlab, Natural History Museum of Denmark, 1350, Copenhagen, Denmark

Authors and Affiliations

  1. California Institute of Technology, Division of Geological and Planetary Sciences, Pasadena, CA, 91125, USA

    P. D. Asimow

  2. Department of Lithospheric Research, University of Vienna, Althanstrasse 14, 1090, Vienna, Austria

    T. Ntaflos

  3. NASA Johnson Space Center, Mailcode XI3, 2101 NASA Parkway, Houston, TX, 77058, USA

    J. W. Boyce

  4. NASA Johnson Space Center, Mailcode XI22101 NASA Parkway, Houston, TX, 77058, USA

    F. M. McCubbin

  5. Department of Mineralogy-Petrology-Economic Geology, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, 54124, Thessaloniki, Greece

    A. Koroneos

  6. Department of Physics and Geology, University of Perugia, Piazza Università, 06100, Perugia, Italy

    D. Perugini

  7. Department of Environmental, Social and Spatial Change, Quadlab, Roskilde University, 4000, Roskilde, Denmark

    S. Flude & M. Storey

  8. State Key Laboratory of Geological Processes and Mineral Resources, China University of Geosciences, Wuhan, 430074, Hubei, China

    Y. S. Liu

  9. Westfälische Wilhelms-Univ. Münster, Institut für Mineralogie, Correnstrasse 24, 48149, Münster, Germany

    S. Klemme & J. Berndt

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  1. I. Baziotis
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Additional information

Communicated by Mark S Ghiorso.

Electronic supplementary material

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410_2017_1376_MOESM1_ESM.tif

Fig.S1 Münster EPMA analyses of standard reference materials using the same analytical conditions as the EPMA P-in-Olivine analyses (15kV, 50 nA, 20 s peak and 10 s background counting time) compared to the published P-concentrations (TIFF 97 kb)

410_2017_1376_MOESM2_ESM.tif

Fig.S2 Münster LA-ICP-MS trace element analyses of the reference materials BCR2-G (a), BIR1-G (b) and BHVO2-G (c) using various internal standards, compared to preferred GeoRem concentrations. (d) Measured Li concentrations for reference materials compared to preferred published concentrations; all protocols tested are successful except for 26Mg internal standard in BCR-2G (TIFF 2457 kb)

410_2017_1376_MOESM3_ESM.jpg

Fig.S3 Thin section mosaic for sample Ci-1-196 showing the protogranular to porphyroclastic dunite layer at the left, and equigranular websterite and lherzolite layers in the middle (JPEG 6786 kb)

410_2017_1376_MOESM4_ESM.tif

Fig.S4 Sample Ci-1-196 BSE images. (a) Spinel with sieved margin between olivine crystals in the lherzolite matrix. (b) Enlarged view of part of the sieved margin in contact with plagioclase, olivine and glass (TIFF 5667 kb)

410_2017_1376_MOESM5_ESM.tif

Fig.S5 Sample Ci-1-196 BSE images. (a) Amphibole partly decomposed to a glass-bearing symplectite. (b) Enlarged view of symplectite, composed of glass, clinopyroxene, olivine and orthopyroxene (TIFF 5461 kb)

410_2017_1376_MOESM6_ESM.tif

Fig.S6 Sample Ki-5-301 BSE images. (a) Orthopyroxene crystals hosting rounded sulfide inclusions and interstitial clinopyroxene grains. (b) Large (600 × 1200 μm) anhedral spinel occurring in the lherzolite layer showing thin sieved margins and non-sieve core (TIFF 6784 kb)

410_2017_1376_MOESM7_ESM.tif

Fig.S7 Sample Ki-5-301 BSE images. (a) Apatite-free area of vein with a maximum width ~50 μm; Fe-rich olivine formed as overgrowth on olivine and as discrete grains between pyroxene and glass (former melt). (b) Ilmenite crystals up to ~20 μm occur within the glass layer or as thin rims on plagioclase (TIFF 7158 kb)

410_2017_1376_MOESM8_ESM.tif

Fig.S8 Trace element patterns normalized to primitive mantle (PM) for (a) olivine, (b) clinopyroxene, (c) glass and (d) apatite. In (a), all analyses correspond to olivine crystals from MV (TIFF 1020 kb)

410_2017_1376_MOESM9_ESM.tif

Fig.S9 Rare earth elements normalized to CI chondrite for (a) olivine, (b) clinopyroxene, (c) glass and (d) apatite. In (a), all analyses correspond to olivine crystals from MV. Symbols as in Fig. S6 (TIFF 663 kb)

410_2017_1376_MOESM10_ESM.tif

Fig.S10 Pyroxene compositional range projected into Wo-En-Fs ternary. Analyses range from augite to diopside while covering a significant range in Fe content (triangles: sample Ci-1-196; boxes: Ki-5-301) (TIFF 490 kb)

410_2017_1376_MOESM11_ESM.tif

Fig.S11 MgO variation diagrams for major oxides (in wt%) for glass analyses in sample Ci-1-196. Abbreviations as in Fig. 5 (TIFF 2368 kb)

410_2017_1376_MOESM12_ESM.tif

Fig.S12 TAS diagram and MgO variation diagrams for major oxides (in wt%) and Mg# for glass analyses in sample Ki-5-301. Abbreviations as in Fig. 5. Glass composition fields as in figure 6 (TIFF 1589 kb)

410_2017_1376_MOESM13_ESM.tif

Fig.S13 Qualitative X-ray maps (Ca, Na, Ti) of the olivine grain shown in Fig. 4f from sample Ki-5-301 (the rest of the x-ray maps are given in fig.12). The upper part is shown on panels a-c and the lower part on panels d-f. Brighter grey-scale values indicate higher concentration of the indicated element. Discrete spinel, apatite, and glass inclusions are visible in the olivine (TIFF 3753 kb)

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Baziotis, I., Asimow, P.D., Ntaflos, T. et al. Phosphorus zoning as a recorder of crystal growth kinetics: application to second-generation olivine in mantle xenoliths from the Cima Volcanic Field. Contrib Mineral Petrol 172, 58 (2017). https://doi.org/10.1007/s00410-017-1376-7

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