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Major translocation of calcium upon epidermal barrier insult: imaging and quantification via FLIM/Fourier vector analysis

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Abstract

Calcium controls an array of key events in keratinocytes and epidermis: localized changes in Ca2+ concentrations and their regulation are therefore especially important to assess when observing epidermal barrier homeostasis and repair, neonatal barrier establishment, in differentiation, signaling, cell adhesion, and in various pathological states. Yet, tissue- and cellular Ca2+ concentrations in physiologic and diseased states are only partially known, and difficult to measure. Prior observations on the Ca2+ distribution in skin were based on Ca2+ precipitation followed by electron microscopy, or proton-induced X-ray emission. Neither cellular and/or subcellular localization could be determined through these approaches. In cells in vitro, fluorescent dyes have been used extensively for ratiometric measurements of static and dynamic Ca2+ concentrations, also assessing organelle Ca2+ concentrations. For lack of better methods, these findings together build the basis for the current view of the role of Ca2+ in epidermis, their limitations notwithstanding. Here we report a method using Calcium Green 5N as the calcium sensor and the phasor-plot approach to separate raw lifetime components. Thus, fluorescence lifetime imaging (FLIM) enables us to quantitatively assess and visualize dynamic changes of Ca2+ at light-microscopic resolution in ex vivo biopsies of unfixed epidermis, in close to in vivo conditions. Comparing undisturbed epidermis with epidermis following a barrier insult revealed major shifts, and more importantly, a mobilization of high amounts of Ca2+ shortly following barrier disruption, from intracellular stores. These results partially contradict the conventional view, where barrier insults abrogate a Ca2+ gradient towards the stratum granulosum. Ca2+ FLIM overcomes prior limitations in the observation of epidermal Ca2+ dynamics, and will allow further insights into basic epidermal physiology.

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Acknowledgments

This work was supported through a grant from the European Community’s Marie-Curie-Program, MC-IRG 6675 (to MB). We thank Mrs. Monika Thiel for expert assistance in preparing graphics

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The authors declare that they have no conflict of interest.

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. Department of Dermatology and Venerology, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Martinistr. 52, 20246, Hamburg, Germany

    Martin J. Behne, Nina Kirschner & Ingrid Moll

  2. Laboratory for Fluorescence Dynamics, Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of California, Irvine, USA

    Susana Sanchez & Enrico Gratton

  3. Department of Nephrology, University of Colorado Health Science Center, Denver, CO, USA

    Nicholas P. Barry

  4. Anatomical Institute, University Veterinary Medicine Foundation, Bischofsholer Damm 15, 30173, Hannover, Germany

    Wilfried Meyer

  5. Veterans Affairs Medical Center Dermatology Departments, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA

    Theodora M. Mauro

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  1. Martin J. Behne
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Correspondence to Martin J. Behne.

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Behne, M.J., Sanchez, S., Barry, N.P. et al. Major translocation of calcium upon epidermal barrier insult: imaging and quantification via FLIM/Fourier vector analysis. Arch Dermatol Res 303, 103–115 (2011). https://doi.org/10.1007/s00403-010-1113-9

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