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Pathogenese der Vaskulitis mittlerer und großer Gefäße

Pathogenesis of medium- and large-vessel vasculitis

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Zusammenfassung

Die Riesenzellarteriitis (RZA) ist eine systemische Vaskulitis, die bevorzugt die großen und mittelgroßen Äste des Aortenbogens befällt. In den meisten Fällen führt die Gefäßwandentzündung zur Stenose oder zum Verschluss des Gefäßlumens und verursacht so die typischen klinischen Manifestationen, einschließlich der Blindheit, des Schlaganfalls und des Aortenbogensyndroms. Der Befall der Aortenwand führt zur Dissektion und zum Aneurysma. Aufgrund von zellulären und molekularen Studien wird die RZA neuerdings als eine Folgeerscheinung abnormaler angeborener und adaptiver Immunreaktionen verstanden, die in der Arterienwand ablaufen. Im pathogenetischen Modell besitzt eine Population von dendritischen Zellen (DZ), die unter physiologischen Bedingungen in der Wand großer Arterien lebt, eine Schlüsselstellung in der Auslösung der inflammatorischen Vaskulopathie. Positioniert in der Nähe der Vasa vasorum überwachen vaskuläre DZ die immunologische Integrität der Gefäßwand und erkennen mit hoher Sensitivität Strukturmotive von Mikroorganismen. Somit nehmen die großen Arterien aktiv an der Immunüberwachung teil. Die Aktivierung von Toll-artigen Rezeptoren auf vaskulären DZ führt zu deren Umwandlung in effiziente Immunstimulatoren, die anschließend in der Lage sind, T-Zellen in die Gefäßwand zu rekrutieren, um sie dann in den Aktivierungszyklus zu treiben. Im Wesentlichen sind Makrophagen für das Trauma der Gefäßwand verantwortlich. Sie beschädigen glatte Muskelzellen, Fibroblasten und Endothelzellen, produzieren aber auch Wachstums- und Angiogenesefaktoren, die die Hyperplasie der Intima unterhalten und so zum Verschluss der Arterie führen. DZ in der Gefäßwand und Signale, die solche DZ aus ihrem Ruhezustand herausbringen können, werden zu einem pathogenetischen Fokus der RZA.

Abstract

Giant cell arteritis (GCA), is a systemic vasculitis which preferentially targets large and medium branches of the upper-body aorta. Typical clinical manifestations result from arterial stenosis/occlusion causing blindness, stroke and aortic arch syndrome. Aortic involvement leads to dissection and aneurysm. On the cellular and molecular level, GCA is a sequel of abnormal innate and adaptive immune responses that occur in the specialized tissue niche of the arterial wall. Based on recent pathogenic studies, a novel disease model for GCA is emerging. It is now understood that the series of pathogenic events begins with dendritic cells (DC) indigenous to the artery’s outer wall, leading to inflammatory vasculopathy. Placed close to the vasa vasorum, vascular DC are highly sensitive in recognizing pathogen-associated motifs assigning immune monitoring functions to blood vessels. Thus the large vessels are actively involved in immune monitoring. Each vascular territory expresses a unique profile of pathogen-sensing receptors, emphasizing functional diversity amongst structurally similar arteries. Innate immune stimulators can transform vascular DC into efficient antigen-presenting cells, attracting, activating, and instructing T lymphocytes to acquire tissue-invasive features. Macrophages provide critical tissue-damaging effector functions, directly injuring wall-residing cells and promoting a remodeling process that leads to intimal hyperplasia and luminal occlusion. Novel diagnostic and therapeutic approaches to GCA need to focus on the key position of vascular DC and the signals that break the immunoprivileged state of the vessel wall.

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Danksagung

Diese Arbeit wurde teilweise durch Zuschüsse der „National Institutes of Health“ (RO1 EY 11916, RO1 AG 15043, RO1 AI 57266, RO1 AI 44142, RO1 AR 41974 und RO1 AR 42527), der „Vasculitis Foundation“ und der „Dana Foundation“ finanziert. Die Autoren danken Tamela Yeargin und Dr. Christine Konya für die Durchsicht des Manuskripts.

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Correspondence to C.M. Weyand.

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Übersetzung: Lothar Thöne, Heidelberg.

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Weyand, C., Goronzy, J. Pathogenese der Vaskulitis mittlerer und großer Gefäße. Z. Rheumatol. 68, 100–107 (2009). https://doi.org/10.1007/s00393-008-0374-6

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  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s00393-008-0374-6

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