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Prävention der Atherosklerose

Stellenwert der Behandlung der arteriellen Hypertonie

Preventin of arteriosclerosis—Treatment of hypertension

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Summary

In most European countries and Northern America, cardiovascular diseases induced by atherosclerosis are the most common cause of death in older people. People surviving acute myocardial infarction or stroke suffer often by disabilities or handicaps. The lifelong care of such patients is expensive and plays a major role for increment of costs in public health systems. Prevention of atherosclerosis will reduce cardiovascular morbidity and mortality, enhance quality of life and prolong lifetime of patients. Therefore the worldwide accepted risk factors of atherosclerosis have to be treated consequently and early enough within the meaning of primary prevention.

Hypertension is one of the six major cardiovascular risk factors and is defined as elevated blood pressure above 140/90 mmHg. In case of hypertension, diagnostic efforts has to be focussed on detection of additional cardiovascular risk factors, secondary forms of hypertension, end organ damage or associated diseases. All therapeutic strategies are based on life style changes, which cover weight reduction, sodium restriction, controlled alcohol consumption and increment in physical activity. Pharmacotherapy will be added in regard to the global risk of the patient and the success of the life style changes. Selection of antihypertensives and their optimal combination will be determined by associated diseases (compelling indication), side effects and individual response in blood pressure. Goal of treatment is the normalization of blood pressure below 140/90 mmHg independent of age or sex. In diabetics and in case of nephropathy the goal is set lower (below 130/80 mmHg).

There is strong evidence that reduction in blood pressure is followed by a decrease in the incidence of myocardial infarction, stroke, heart failure, nephropathy, and even in cardiovascular mortality. The success of antihypertensive therapy is greater in high risk patients like older people, patients with isolated systolic hypertension or diabetics. Risk reduction correlates well with the degree in blood pressure reduction. However, to minimize cardiovascular risk in hypertensives all additional risk factors have to be treated too.

Zusammenfassung

Erkrankungen, die durch eine Atherosklerose bedingt sind, stellen in den meisten europäischen Ländern und in Nordamerika die häufigste Todesursache der Menschen im mittleren und höheren Lebensalter dar. Sie haben oft erhebliche körperliche und geistige Einschränkungen zur Folge, führen zu einem volkswirtschaftlichen Produktionsverlust und sind mitverantwortlich für die Kostenexplosion im Gesundheitswesen. Maßnahmen zur Prävention der Atherosklerose sollen die Morbidität und Mortalität kardiovaskulärer Erkrankungen reduzieren, die Lebensqualität verbessern und die Lebenserwartung erhöhen. Die arterielle Hypertonie gilt heute als ein wichtiger Risikofaktor für die Entwicklung einer Atherosklerose. Sicher pathologisch sind Werte von 140 mmHg systolisch und 90 mmHg diastolisch und mehr. Die bei arterieller Hypertonie einzuleitenden diagnostischen Maßnahmen dienen der Differenzierung zwischen primärer und sekundärer Hypertonie und der individuellen Risikostratifizierung einschließlich der Suche nach bereits eingetretenen Folgeschäden. In Abhängigkeit vom bestehenden individuellen Gesamtrisiko wird die Therapie festgelegt. Sie basiert stets auf einer Lebensstiländerung mit Gewichtsreduktion, Salzreduktion, Alkoholbeschränkung und Steigerung der körperlichen Aktivität. Wenn nötig, wird je nach Risiko danach oder sofort parallel die Pharmakotherapie eingeleitet. Die Auswahl der Antihypertensiva und deren Kombination erfolgen nach den Begleiterkrankungen, der Verträglichkeit und dem Ansprechen des Patienten. Ziel der Therapie ist primär eine Normalisierung des Blutdrucks unter 140/ 90 mmHg, unabhängig von Alter oder Geschlecht. Bei bestehender diabetischer Stoffwechsellage bzw. eingeschränkter Nierenfunktion liegt der Zielwert unter 130/80 mmHg. Bei erfolgreicher Senkung des Blutdrucks kann das kardiovaskuläre Risiko positiv beeinflusst werden. Herzinfarkte, Apoplexien, neue Fälle von Herzinsuffizienz und kardiovaskuläre Todesfälle werden reduziert. Dies gilt besonders im höheren Lebensalter, bei isolierter systolischer Hypertonie und bei Hochrisikopatienten wie Diabetikern. Die Risikoreduktion korreliert direkt mit dem Ausmaß der Blutdrucksenkung. Weitere bestehende kardiovaskuläre Risikofaktoren wie Nikotinkonsum, Diabetes mellitus und Fettstoffwechselstörungen müssen neben der Behandlung der arteriellen Hypertonie konsequent zur Senkung des Gesamtrisikos beeinflusst werden.

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Bönner, G., Gysan, D.B. & Sauer, G. Prävention der Atherosklerose. ZS Kardiologie 94 (Suppl 3), iii56–iii65 (2005). https://doi.org/10.1007/s00392-005-1308-9

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