Skip to main content

Advertisement

SpringerLink
Log in

Coherency of late Holocene European speleothem δ18O records linked to North Atlantic Ocean circulation

  • Published:
Climate Dynamics Aims and scope Submit manuscript

Abstract

Speleothem δ18O records provide valuable information about past continental environmental and climatic conditions, although their interpretation is often not straightforward. Here we evaluate a compilation of late Holocene speleothem δ18O records using a Monte Carlo based Principal Component Analysis (MC-PCA) method that accounts for uncertainties in individual speleothem age models and for the variable temporal resolution of each δ18O record. The MC-PCA approach permits not only the identification of temporally coherent changes in speleothem δ18O; it also facilitates their graphical depiction and evaluation of their spatial coherency. The MC-PCA method was applied to 11 Holocene speleothem δ18O records that span most of the European continent (apart from the circum-Mediterranean region). We observe a common (shared) mode of speleothem δ18O variability that suggests millennial-scale coherency and cyclicity during the last 4.5 ka. These changes are likely caused by variability in atmospheric circulation akin to that associated with the North Atlantic Oscillation, reflecting meridionally shifted westerlies. We argue that these common large-scale variations in European speleothem δ18O records are in phase with changes in the North Atlantic Ocean circulation indicated by the vigour of the Iceland Scotland Overflow Water (ISOW), the strength of the subpolar gyre (SPG) and an ocean stacked North Atlantic ice rafted debris (IRD) index. Based on a recent modelling study, we conclude that these changes in the North Atlantic circulation history may be caused by wind stress on the ocean surface driven by shifted westerlies. However, the mechanisms that ultimately force the westerlies remain unclear.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this article

Log in via an institution

Price excludes VAT (USA)
Tax calculation will be finalised during checkout.

Instant access to the full article PDF.

Institutional subscriptions

Fig. 1
Fig. 2
Fig. 3
Fig. 4
Fig. 5
Fig. 6
Fig. 7
Fig. 8
Fig. 9

Similar content being viewed by others

References

  • Anchukaitis KJ, Tierney JE (2012) Identifying coherent spatiotemporal modes in time-uncertain proxy paleoclimate records. Clim Dyn 41:1291–1306

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Baker A, Genty D, Dreybrodt W, Barnes WL, Mockler NJ, Grapes J (1998) Testing theoretically predicted stalagmite growth rate with recent annually laminated samples: implications for past stalagmite deposition. Geochim Cosmochim Acta 62:393–404

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Baker A, Wilson R, Fairchild IJ, Franke J, Spötl C, Mattey D, Trouet V, Fuller L (2011) High resolution δ 18 O and δ 13 C records from an annually laminated Scottish stalagmite and relationship with last millennium climate. Global Planet Change 79:303–311

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Baker A, Hellstrom C, Kelly BF, Mariethoz G, Trouet V (2015) A composite annual-resolution stalagmite record of North Atlantic climate over the last three millennia. Sci Rep 5:10307

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Baldini LM, McDermott F, Foley AM, Baldini JUL (2008) Spatial variability in the European winter precipitation δ18O-NAO relationship: implications for reconstructing NAO-mode climate variability in the Holocene. Geophys Res Lett 35:L04709–L04709

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Baldini LM, McDermott F, Baldini JUL, Arias P, Cueto M, Fairchild IJ, Hoffmann DL, Mattey DP, Müller W, Nita DC, Ontañón R, Garciá-Moncó C, Richards DA (2015) Regional temperature, atmospheric circulation, and sea-ice variability within the Younger Dryas Event constrained using a speleothem from northern Iberia. Earth Planet Sci Lett 419:101–110

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Blindheim J, Østerhus S (2005) The Nordic Seas, main oceanographic features. An integrated perspective, The Nordic seas, pp 11–37

    Google Scholar 

  • Bond G, Showers W, Cheseby M, Lotti R, Almasi P, Priore P, Cullen H, Hajdas I, Bonani G (1997) A pervasive millennial-scale cycle in North Atlantic Holocene and glacial climates. Science 278:1257–1266

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Bond G, Kromer B, Beer J, Muscheler R, Evans MN, Showers W, Hoffmann S, Lotti-Bond R, Hajdas I, Bonani G (2001) Persistent solar influence on North Atlantic climate during the Holocene. Science 294:2130–2136

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Cattell RB (1966) The scree test for the number of factors. Multivar Behav Res 1:245–276

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Cheng H, Lawrence Edwards R, Shen C-C, Polyak VJ, Asmerom Y, Woodhead J, Hellstrom J, Wang Y, Kong X, Spötl C, Wang X, Calvin Alexander E Jr (2013) Improvements in 230Th dating, 230Th and 234U half-life values, and U–Th isotopic measurements by multi-collector inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry. Earth Planet Sci Lett 371–372:82–91

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Cheng H, Sinha A, Verheyden S, Nader FH, Li XL, Zhang PZ, Yin JJ, Yi L, Peng YB, Rao ZG (2015) The climate variability in northern Levant over the past 20,000 years. Geophys Res Lett 42:8641–8650

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Clemmensen LB, Murray A, Heinemeier J, de Jong R (2009) The evolution of Holocene coastal dunefields, Jutland, Denmark: a record of climate change over the past 5000 years. Geomorphology 105:303–313

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Colin C, Frank N, Copard K, Douville E (2010) Neodymium isotopic composition of deep-sea corals from the NE Atlantic: implications for past hydrological changes during the Holocene. Quat Sci Rev 29:2509–2517

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Comas-Bru L, McDermott F (2013) Impacts of the EA and SCA patterns on the European twentieth century NAO-winter climate relationship. Q J R Meteorol Soc 140:354–363

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Comas-Bru L, McDermott F, Werner M (2016) The effect of the East Atlantic pattern on the precipitation δ18O-NAO relationship in Europe. Clim Dyn 47:2059–2069

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Copard K, Colin C, Henderson GM, Scholten J, Douville E, Sicre MA, Frank N (2012) Late Holocene intermediate water variability in the northeastern Atlantic as recorded by deep-sea corals. Earth Planet Sci Lett 313:34–44

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Day CC, Henderson GM (2011) Oxygen isotopes in calcite grown under cave-analogue conditions. Geochim Cosmochim Acta 75:3956–3972

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Deininger M (2013) The European holocene climate from the Speleothem’s view, PhD thesis. Department of Physics and Astronomy, Faculty of Physics and Astronomy, University of Heidelberg. http://www.ub.uni-heidelberg.de/archiv/16039, http://www.ub.uni-heidelberg.de/archiv/16039

  • Deininger M, Fohlmeister J, Scholz D, Mangini A (2012) Isotope disequilibrium effects: the influence of evaporation and ventilation effects on the carbon and oxygen isotope composition of speleothems—a model approach. Geochim Cosmochim Acta 96:57–79

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Dietrich S, Werner M, Spangehl T, Lohmann G (2013) Influence of orbital forcing and solar activity on water isotopes in precipitation during the mid-and late Holocene. Clim Past 9:13–26. doi:10.5194/cp-9-13-2013

    Google Scholar 

  • Dreybrodt W, Scholz D (2011) Climatic dependence of stable carbon and oxygen isotope signals recorded in speleothems: from soil water to speleothem calcite. Geochim Cosmochim Acta 75:734–752

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Fairchild IJ, Treble PC (2009) Trace elements in speleothems as recorders of environmental change. Quat Sci Rev 28:449–468

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Fairchild IJ, Smith CL, Baker A, Fuller L, Spötl C, Mattey D, McDermott F (2006) Modification and preservation of environmental signals in speleothems. Earth Sci Rev 75:105–153

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Feldhoff JH, Donner RV, Donges JF, Marwan N, Kurths J (2012) Geometric detection of coupling directions by means of inter-system recurrence networks. Phys Lett A 376:3504–3513

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Field RD (2010) Observed and modeled controls on precipitation δ18O over Europe: from local temperature to the Northern Annular Mode. J Geophys Res Atmos 1984–2012:115

    Google Scholar 

  • Fischer MJ (2016) Predictable components in global speleothem δ 18 O. Quat Sci Rev 131:380–392

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Fletcher WJ, Debret M, Goñi MFS (2013) Mid-Holocene emergence of a low-frequency millennial oscillation in western Mediterranean climate: implications for past dynamics of the North Atlantic atmospheric westerlies. Holocene. doi:10.1177/0959683612460783

    Google Scholar 

  • Fleitmann D, Cheng H, Badertscher S, Edwards RL, Mudelsee M, Göktürk OM, Fankhauser A, Pickering R, Raible CC, Matter A, Kramers JD, Tuysuz O (2009) Timing and climatic impact of Greenland interstadials recorded in stalagmites from northern Turkey. Geophys Res Lett. doi:10.1029/2009GL040050

    Google Scholar 

  • Fohlmeister J, Schröder-Ritzrau A, Scholz D, Spöotl C, Riechelmann DFC, Mudelsee M, Wackerbarth A, Gerdes A, Riechelmann S, Immenhauser A, Richter DK, Mangini A (2012) Bunker Cave stalagmites: an archive for central European Holocene climate variability. Clim Past 8(5):1751–1764. doi:10.5194/cp-8-1751-2012

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Frisia S, Borsato A, Fairchild IJ, McDermott F (2000) Calcite fabrics, growth mechanisms, and environments of formation in speleothems from the Italian Alps and southwestern Ireland. J Sediment Res 70:1183–1196

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Göktürk OM, Fleitmann D, Badertscher S, Cheng H, Edwards RL, Leuenberger M, Fankhauser A, Tüysüz O, Kramers J (2011) Climate on the southern Black Sea coast during the Holocene: implications from the Sofular Cave record. Quat Sci Rev 30:2433–2445

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Grinsted A, Moore JC, Jevrejeva S (2004) Application of the cross wavelet transform and wavelet coherence to geophysical time series. Nonlinear Process Geophys 11:561–566

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Hartland A, Fairchild IJ, Lead JR, Borsato A, Baker A, Frisia S, Baalousha M (2012) From soil to cave: transport of trace metals by natural organic matter in karst dripwaters. Chem Geol 304:68–82

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Hoffmann DL, Prytulak J, Richards DA, Elliott T, Coath CD, Smart PL, Scholz D (2007) Procedures for accurate U and Th isotope measurements by high precision MC-ICPMS. Int J Mass Spectrom 264:97–109

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Huang Y, Fairchild IJ (2001) Partitioning of Sr2+ and Mg2+ into calcite under karst-analogue experimental conditions. Geochim Cosmochim Acta 65:47–62

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Hurrell JW (1995) Decadal trends in the North-Atlantic oscillation—regional temperatures and precipitation. Science 269:676–679

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Jex CN, Phipps SJ, Baker A, Bradley C (2013) Reducing uncertainty in the climatic interpretations of speleothem δ18O. Geophys Res Lett 40:2259–2264

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Kaiser HF (1960) The application of electronic-computers to factor-analysis. Educ Psychol Meas 20:141–151

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Labuhn I, Genty D, Vonhof H, Bourdin C, Blamart D, Douville E, Ruan J, Cheng H, Edwards RL, Pons-Branchu E, Pierre M (2015) A high-resolution fluid inclusion δ18O record from a stalagmite in SW France: modern calibration and comparison with multiple proxies. Quat Sci Rev 110:152–165

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Lachniet MS (2009) Climatic and environmental controls on speleothem oxygen-isotope values. Quat Sci Rev 28:412–432

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Lachniet MS, Patterson WP, Burns S, Asmerom Y, Polyak V (2007) Caribbean and Pacific moisture sources on the Isthmus of Panama revealed from stalagmite and surface water δ18O gradients. Geophys Res Lett 34:L01708. doi:10.1029/2006GL028469

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Lamb HH (2002) Climate, history and the modern world. Routledge, New York

    Google Scholar 

  • Langebroek PM, Werner M, Lohmann G (2011) Climate information imprinted in oxygen-isotopic composition of precipitation in Europe. Earth Planet Sci Lett 311:144–154

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Linge H, Lauritzen SE, Andersson C, Hansen JK, Skoglund RØ, Sundqvist HS (2009) Stable isotope records for the last 10 000 years from Okshola cave (Fauske, northern Norway) and regional comparisons. Clim Past 5:667–682

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Lohmann G, Wackerbarth A, Langebroek PM, Werner M, Fohlmeister J, Scholz D, Mangini A (2013) Simulated European stalagmite record and its relation to a quasi-decadal climate mode. Clim Past 9:89–98

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Luetscher M, Hoffmann DL, Frisia S, Spötl C (2011) Holocene glacier history from alpine speleothems, Milchbach cave, Switzerland. Earth Planet Sci Letters 302:95–106

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Magny M (2004) Holocene climate variability as reflected by mid-European lake-level fluctuations and its probable impact on prehistoric human settlements. Quat Int 113:65–79

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Magny M (2007) Holocene fluctuations of lake levels in west-central Europe: methods of reconstruction, regional pattern, palaeoclimatic significance and forcing factors. Encyclop Quat Sci 1389–1399

  • Mangini A, Spötl C, Verdes P (2005) Reconstruction of temperature in the Central Alps during the past 2000 yr from a δ 18 O stalagmite record. Earth Planet Sci Lett 235:741–751

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Mangini A, Verdes P, Spötl C, Scholz D, Vollweiler N, Kromer B (2007) Persistent influence of the North Atlantic hydrography on central European winter temperature during the last 9000 years. Geophys Res Lett 34:L02704

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Mann ME, Bradley RS, Hughes MK (1998) Global-scale temperature patterns and climate forcing over the past six centuries. Nature 392:779–787

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Marshall J, Johnson H, Goodman J (2001) A study of the interaction of the North Atlantic Oscillation with ocean circulation. J Clim 14:1399–1421

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Mayewski PA, Rohling EE, Curt Stager J, Karlén W, Maasch KA, David Meeker L, Meyerson EA, Gasse F, van Kreveld S, Holmgren K (2004) Holocene climate variability. Quat Res 62:243–255

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • McCarthy GD, Haigh ID, Hirschi JJM, Grist JP, Smeed DA (2015) Ocean impact on decadal Atlantic climate variability revealed by sea-level observations. Nature 521:508–510

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • McDermott F (2004) Palaeo-climate reconstruction from stable isotope variations in speleothems: a review. Quat Sci Rev 23:901–918

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • McDermott F, Frisia S, Huang Y, Longinelli A, Spiro B, Heaton THE, Hawkesworth CJ, Borsato A, Keppens E, Fairchild IJ et al (1999) Holocene climate variability in Europe: evidence from δ 18 O, textural and extension-rate variations in three speleothems. Quat Sci Rev 18:1021–1038

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • McDermott F, Mattey DP, Hawkesworth C (2001) Centennial-scale Holocene climate variability revealed by a high-resolution speleothem δ18O record from SW Ireland. Science 294:1328–1331

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • McDermott F, Atkinson TC, Fairchild IJ, Baldini LM, Mattey DP (2011) A first evaluation of the spatial gradients in δ18O recorded by European Holocene speleothems. Global Planet Change 79:275–287

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Meckler AN, Affolter S, Dublyansky YV, Krüger Y, Vogel N, Bernasconi SM, Frenz M, Kipfer R, Leuenberger M, Spötl C (2015) Glacial–interglacial temperature change in the tropical West Pacific: a comparison of stalagmite-based paleo-thermometers. Quat Sci Rev 127:90–116

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Mischel SA, Scholz D, Spötl C (2015) δ18O values of cave drip water: a promising proxy for the reconstruction of the North Atlantic Oscillation? Clim Dyn 45:3035–3050

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Mjell TL, Ninnemann US, Eldevik T, Kleiven HKF (2015) Holocene multidecadal-to millennial-scale variations in Iceland–Scotland overflow and their relationship to climate. Paleoceanography 30:558–569

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Moreno-Chamarro E, Zanchettin D, Lohmann K, Jungclaus JH (2016) An abrupt weakening of the subpolar gyre as trigger of Little Ice Age-type episodes. Clim Dyn. doi:10.1007/s00382-016-3106-7

    Google Scholar 

  • Morley A, Rosenthal Y, deMenocal P (2014) Ocean–atmosphere climate shift during the mid-to-late Holocene transition. Earth Planet Sci Lett 388:18–26

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Mudelsee M (2014) Climate time series analysis: classical statistical and bootstrap methods, 2nd edn. Springer, Dordrecht

    Google Scholar 

  • Mühlinghaus C, Scholz D, Mangini A (2009) Modelling fractionation of stable isotopes in stalagmites. Geochim Cosmochim Acta 73:7275–7289

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • North GR, Bell TL, Cahalan RF, Moeng FJ (1982) Sampling errors in the estimation of empirical orthogonal functions. Mon Weather Rev 110:699–706

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Olsen J, Anderson NJ, Knudsen MF (2012) Variability of the North Atlantic Oscillation over the past 5,200 years. Nat Geosci 5:808–812

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Polag D, Scholz D, Mühlinghaus C, Spötl C, Schröder-Ritzrau A, Segl M, Mangini A (2010) Stable isotope fractionation in speleothems: laboratory experiments. Chem Geol 279:31–39

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Preisendorfer RW (1988) Principal component analysis in meteorology and oceanography. Elsevier, Amsterdam

    Google Scholar 

  • Rehfeld K, Marwan N, Heitzig J, Kurths J (2011) Comparison of correlation analysis techniques for irregularly sampled time series. Nonlinear Process Geophys 18:389–404

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Rehfeld K, Marwan N, Breitenbach SFM, Kurths J (2013) Late Holocene Asian summer monsoon dynamics from small but complex networks of paleoclimate data. Clim Dyn 41:3–19

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Richards DA, Dorale JA (2003) Uranium-series chronology and environmental applications of speleothems. Rev Mineral Geochem 52:407–460

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Riechelmann DFC, Deininger M, Scholz D, Riechelmann S, Schröder-Ritzrau A, Spötl C, Richter DK, Mangini A, Immenhauser A (2013) Disequilibrium carbon and oxygen isotope fractionation in recent cave calcite: comparison of cave precipitates and model data. Geochim Cosmochim Acta 103:232–244

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Scholz D, Hoffmann DL (2011) StalAge—an algorithm designed for construction of speleothem age models. Quat Geochronol 6:369–382

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Sorrel P, Debret M, Billeaud I, Jaccard SL, McManus JF, Tessier B (2012) Persistent non-solar forcing of Holocene storm dynamics in coastal sedimentary archives. Nat Geosci 5:892–896

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Spötl C, Mattey D (2006) Stable isotope microsampling of speleothems for palaeoenvironmental studies: a comparison of microdrill, micromill and laser ablation techniques. Chem Geol 235:48–58

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Sundqvist HS, Holmgren K, Moberg A, Spoetl C, Mangini A, (2010) Stable isotopes in a stalagmite from NW Sweden document environmental changes over the past 4000 years. Boreas 39:77–86

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Thornalley DJR, Elderfield H, McCave IN (2009) Holocene oscillations in temperature and salinity of the surface subpolar North Atlantic. Nature 457:711–714

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Tremaine DM, Froelich PN, Wang Y (2011) Speleothem calcite farmed in situ: modern calibration of δ18O and δ13C paleoclimate proxies in a continuously-monitored natural cave system. Geochim Cosmochim Acta 75:4929–4950

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Trouet V, Esper J, Graham NE, Baker A, Scourse JD, Frank DC (2009) Persistent positive North Atlantic Oscillation mode dominated the medieval climate anomaly. Science 324:78–80

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Visbeck M, Chassignet EP, Curry RG, Delworth TL, Dickson RR, Krahmann G (2003) The ocean’s response to North Atlantic Oscillation variability. In: The North Atlantic Oscillation: climatic significance and environmental impact, pp 113–145

  • Wallace JM, Gutzler DS (1981) Teleconnections in the geopotential height field during the northern hemisphere winter. Mon Weather Rev 109:784

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Wassenburg JA, Immenhauser A, Richter DK, Niedermayr A, Riechelmann S, Fietzke J, Scholz D, Jochum KP, Fohlmeister J, Schroder-Ritzrau A, Sabaoui A, Riechelmann DFC, Schneider L, Esper J (2013) Moroccan speleothem and tree ring records suggest a variable positive state of the North Atlantic Oscillation during the Medieval Warm Period. Earth Planet Sci Lett 375:291–302

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Wassenburg JA, Dietrich S, Fietzke J, Fohlmeister J, Jochum KP, Scholz D, Richter DK, Sabaoui A, Spötl C, Lohmann G (2016) Reorganization of the North Atlantic Oscillation during early Holocene deglaciation. Nat Geosci 9:602–605. doi:10.1038/ngeo2767

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Werner M, Langebroek PM, Carlsen T, Herold M, Lohmann G (2011) Stable water isotopes in the ECHAM5 general circulation model: toward high-resolution isotope modeling on a global scale. J Geophys Res 116:D15109–D15109

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Yang H, Wang K, Dai H, Wang Y, Li Q (2016) Wind effect on the Atlantic meridional overturning circulation via sea ice and vertical diffusion. Clim Dyn 46:3387–3403

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Zanchetta G, Drysdale RN, Hellstrom JC, Fallick AE, Isola I, Gagan MK, Pareschi MT (2007) Enhanced rainfall in the Western Mediterranean during deposition of sapropel S1: stalagmite evidence from Corchia cave (Central Italy). Quat Sci Rev 26:279–286

    Article  Google Scholar 

Download references

Acknowledgments

We thank the executive editor Jean-Claude Duplessy, Jud Partin and three anonymous reviewers for their constructive comments that significantly improved the manuscript. M.D. developed the MC-PCA approach for speleothems during his Ph.D. at the Institute of Environmental Physics of the Heidelberg University, Germany, which was funded by the Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft (DFG) research group “DAPHNE” (DFG Forschergruppe 668). He is currently funded by the Irish Research Council (IRC) by a Government of Ireland Postdoctoral Fellowship (GOIPD/2015/789). F.McD. acknowledges support from Science Foundation Ireland through its Research Frontiers Programme (RFP) Grants 07/RFP/GEOF265 and 08/FRP/GEO1184. The MATLAB code for the MC-PCA approach is available from the authors.

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

  1. UCD School of Earth Sciences, University College Dublin, Belfield, Dublin 4, Ireland

    Michael Deininger & Frank McDermott

  2. UCD Earth Institute, University College Dublin, Belfield, Dublin 4, Ireland

    Frank McDermott

  3. Climate Risk Analysis, Kreuzstrasse 27, Heckenbeck, 37581, Bad Gandersheim, Germany

    Manfred Mudelsee

  4. Alfred Wegener Institute, Helmholtz Centre for Polar and Marine Research, Bussestraße 24, 27570, Bremerhaven, Germany

    Manfred Mudelsee & Martin Werner

  5. Institute of Environmental Physics, Heidelberg University, Im Neuenheimer Feld 229, 69120, Heidelberg, Germany

    Norbert Frank & Augusto Mangini

Authors
  1. Michael Deininger
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  2. Frank McDermott
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  3. Manfred Mudelsee
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  4. Martin Werner
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  5. Norbert Frank
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  6. Augusto Mangini
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

Corresponding author

Correspondence to Michael Deininger.

Electronic supplementary material

Below is the link to the electronic supplementary material.

Supplementary material 1 (DOCX 5183 kb)

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

About this article

Check for updates. Verify currency and authenticity via CrossMark

Cite this article

Deininger, M., McDermott, F., Mudelsee, M. et al. Coherency of late Holocene European speleothem δ18O records linked to North Atlantic Ocean circulation. Clim Dyn 49, 595–618 (2017). https://doi.org/10.1007/s00382-016-3360-8

Download citation

  • Received:

  • Accepted:

  • Published:

  • Issue Date:

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s00382-016-3360-8

Keywords

Search

Navigation