Abstract
The East Asian westerly jet (EAJ), an important midlatitude circulation of the East Asian summer monsoon system, plays a crucial role in affecting summer rainfall over East Asia. The multimodel ensemble of current coupled models can generally capture the intensity and location of the climatological summer EAJ. However, individual models still exhibit large discrepancies. This study investigates the intermodel diversity in the longitudinal location of the simulated summer EAJ climatology in the present-day climate and its implications for rainfall over East Asia based on 20 CMIP5 models. The results show that the zonal location of the simulated EAJ core is located over either the midlatitude Asian continent or the western North Pacific (WNP) in different models. The zonal shift of the EAJ core depicts a major intermodel diversity of the simulated EAJ climatology. The westward retreat of the EAJ core is related to a warmer mid-upper tropospheric temperature in the midlatitudes, with a southwest-northeast tilt extending from Southwest Asia to Northeast Asia and the northern North Pacific, induced partially by the simulated stronger rainfall climatology over South Asia. The zonal shift of the EAJ core has some implications for the summer rainfall climatology, with stronger rainfall over the East Asian continent and weaker rainfall over the subtropical WNP in relation to the westward-located EAJ core.
摘 要
东亚夏季高空急流是东亚夏季风的一个重要的中纬度环流系统, 它对东亚夏季降水有着非常重要的作用. 目前, 多模式集合平均能够很好抓住东亚夏季高空急流的基本特征, 包括其强度, 中心的经度和纬度位置; 但各个模式模拟结果之间差异显著. 基于20个CMIP5模式的历史模拟数据, 本研究揭示了不同模式模拟的夏季东亚高空西风急流气候态之间的主要差异及其对于降水的可能影响. 研究结果显示不同模式模拟的东亚夏季高空急流气候态的主要差异体现在其中心经度位置的不同, 其中心分别位于亚洲中纬度地区和中纬度西北太平洋; 急流中心的东西差异表征了模式间急流差异的主要特征. 急流中心的东西移动和欧亚大陆中纬度地区西南-东北向倾斜的对流层中上层温度分布有关: 模式模拟的中纬度温度偏高, 急流中心向西移动到亚洲上空; 反之, 模式模拟的中纬度温度偏低, 急流中心向东移动到西北太平洋上空. 急流中心的东西移动可能影响到模拟的东亚夏季降水分布; 急流中心西撤到亚洲大陆, 亚洲东部降水偏多, 副热带西北太平洋降水偏少.
This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.
Similar content being viewed by others
References
Adler, R. F., and Coauthors, 2003: The version-2 global precipitation climatology project (GPCP) monthly precipitation analysis (1979–present). Journal of Hydrometeorology, 4, 1147–1167, https://doi.org/10.1175/1525-7541(2003)004<1147:TVGPCP>2.0.CO;2.
Chen, L., and O. W. Frauenfeld, 2014: A comprehensive evaluation of precipitation simulations over China based on CMIP5 multimodel ensemble projections. J. Geophys. Res. Atmos., 119, 5767–5786, https://doi.org/10.1002/2013JD021190.
Dai, Y., and R. Y. Lu, 2013: Projected change in the relationship between East Asian summer rainfall and upper-tropospheric westerly jet. Chinese Science Bulletin, 58, 1436–1442, https://doi.org/10.1007/s11434-012-5540-1.
Dee, D. P., and Coauthors, 2011: The ERA-Interim reanalysis: Configuration and performance of the data assimilation system. Quart. J. Roy. Meteor. Soc., 137, 553–597, https://doi.org/10.1002/qj.828.
Du, Y., Q. Bao, and Z. Q. Xie, 2017: FGOALS model simulation of variation of East Asian subtropical westerly jet during Meiyu period. Chinese Journal of Atmospheric Sciences, 41, 603–617, https://doi.org/10.3878/j.issn.1006-9895.1609.16185. (in Chinese)
Du, Y., Y. C. Zhang, and Z. Q. Xie, 2008: Impacts of longitude location changes of East Asian westerly jet core on the precipitation distribution during meiyu period in middle-lower reaches of Yangtze River valley. Acta Meteorologica Sinica, 66, 566–576. (in Chinese)
Enomoto, T., B. J. Hoskins, and Y. Matsuda, 2003: The formation mechanism of the Bonin high in August. Quart. J. Roy. Meteor. Soc., 129, 157–178, https://doi.org/10.1256/qj.01.211.
Hirahara, S., H. Ohno, Y. Oikawa, and S. Maeda, 2012: Strengthening of the southern side of the jet stream and delayed withdrawal of Baiu season in future climate. J. Meteor. Soc. Japan, 90, 663–671, https://doi.org/10.2151/jmsj.2012-506.
Huang, D.-Q., J. Zhu, Y.-C. Zhang, and A.-N. Huang, 2013: Uncertainties on the simulated summer precipitation over eastern China from the CMIP5 models. J. Geophys. Res. Atmos., 118, 9035–9047, https://doi.org/10.1002/jgrd.50695.
Huffman, G. J., and Coauthors, 1997: The global precipitation climatology project (GPCP) combined precipitation dataset. Bull. Amer. Meteor. Soc., 78, 5–20, https://doi.org/10.1175/1520-0477(1997)078<0005:TGPCPG>2.0.CO;2.
Kosaka, Y., and H. Nakamura, 2011: Dominant mode of climate variability, intermodel diversity, and projected future changes over the summertime western North Pacific simulated in the CMIP3 models. J. Climate, 24, 3935–3955, https://doi.org/10.1175/2011jcli3907.1.
Kuang, X. Y., and Y. C. Zhang, 2005: Seasonal variation of the East Asian subtropical westerly jet and its association with the heating field over East Asia. Adv. Atmos. Sci., 22(6), 831–840, https://doi.org/10.1007/bf02918683.
Lau, K. M., K. M. Kim, and S. Yang, 2000: Dynamical and boundary forcing characteristics of regional components of the Asian summer monsoon. J. Climate, 13, 2461–2482, https://doi.org/10.1175/1520-0442(2000)013<2461:dabfco>2.0.co;2.
Li, C. Y., J. T. Wang, S. Z. Lin, and H. R. Cho, 2004: The relationship between East Asian summer monsoon activity and northward jump of the upper westerly jet location. Chinese Journal of Atmospheric Sciences, 28, 641–658. (in Chinese)
Li, G., and S.-P. Xie, 2012: Origins of tropical-wide SST biases in CMIP multi-model ensembles. Geophys. Res. Lett., 39, L22703, https://doi.org/10.1029/2012GL053777.
Li, G., and S.-P. Xie, 2014: Tropical biases in CMIP5 multimodel ensemble: The excessive equatorial Pacific cold tongue and double ITCZ problems. J. Climate, 27, 1765–1780, https://doi.org/10.1175/JCLI-D-13-00337.1.
Liang, X. Z., and W. C. Wang, 1998: Associations between China monsoon rainfall and tropospheric jets. Quart. J. Roy. Meteor. Soc., 124, 2597–2623, https://doi.org/10.1002/qj.49712455204.
Lin, Z. D., and R. Y. Lu, 2005: Interannual meridional displacement of the East Asian upper-tropospheric Jet stream in summer. Adv. Atmos. Sci., 22(6), 199–211, https://doi.org/10.1007/BF02918509.
Lin, Z. D., and R. Y. Lu, 2008: Abrupt northward jump of the East Asian upper-tropospheric jet stream in mid-Summer. J. Meteor. Soc. Japan, 86, 857–866, https://doi.org/10.2151/jmsj.86.857.
Lin, Z. D., and R. Y. Lu, 2009: The ENSO’s effect on eastern China rainfall in the following early summer. Adv. Atmos. Sci., 26(2), 333–342, https://doi.org/10.1007/s00376-009-0333-4.
Lu, R. Y., 2004: Associations among the components of the East Asian summer monsoon system in the meridional direction. J. Meteor. Soc. Japan, 82, 155–165, https://doi.org/10.2151/jmsj.82.155.
Lu, R. Y., and Z. D. Lin, 2009: Role of subtropical precipitation anomalies in maintaining the summertime meridional teleconnection over the Western North Pacific and East Asia. J. Climate, 22, 2058–2072, https://doi.org/10.1175/2008jcli2444.1.
Lu, R. Y., and Y. H. Fu, 2010: Intensification of East Asian summer rainfall interannual variability in the twenty-first century simulated by 12 CMIP3 coupled models. J. Climate, 23, 3316–3331, https://doi.org/10.1175/2009jcli3130.1.
Lu, R. Y., Z. D. Lin, and Y. C. Zhang, 2013: Variability of the East Asian upper-tropospheric jet in summer and its impacts on the East Asian monsoon. Chinese Journal of Atmospheric Sciences, 37, 331–340, https://doi.org/10.3878/j.issn.1006-9895.2012.12310. (in Chinese)
Ma, J., and S.-P. Xie, 2013: Regional patterns of sea surface temperature change: A source of uncertainty in future projections of precipitation and atmospheric circulation. J. Climate, 26, 2482–2501, https://doi.org/10.1175/JCLI-D-12-00283.1.
Ma, J., H. M. Xu, and P. F. Lin, 2015: Meridional position biases of East Asian subtropical jet stream in CMIP5 models and their relationship with ocean model resolutions. International Journal of Climatology, 35, 3942–3958, https://doi.org/10.1002/joc.4256.
Qu, X., 2017: The intermodel diversity of East Asia’s summer rainfall among CMIP5 models. J. Climate, 30, 9287–9301, https://doi.org/10.1175/JCLI-D-17-0094.1.
Rodwell, M. J., and B. J. Hoskins, 1996: Monsoons and the dynamics of deserts. Quart. J. Roy. Meteor. Soc., 122, 1385–1404, https://doi.org/10.1002/qj.49712253408.
Sampe, T., and S.-P. Xie, 2010: Large-scale dynamics of the Meiyu-Baiu rainband: Environmental forcing by the westerly jet. J. Climate, 23, 113–134, https://doi.org/10.1175/2009JCLI3128.1.
Song, F. F., and T. J. Zhou, 2013: FGOALS-s2 simulation ofupper-level jet streams over East Asia: Mean state bias and synoptic-scale transient eddy activity. Adv. Atmos. Sci., 30, 739–753, https://doi.org/10.1007/s00376-012-2212-7.
Taylor, K. E., R. J. Stouffer, and G. A. Meehl, 2012: An overview of CMIP5 and the experiment design. Bull. Amer. Meteor. Soc., 93, 485–498, https://doi.org/10.1175/BAMS-D-11-00094.1.
Wang, C. Z., L. P. Zhang, S.-K. Lee, L. X. Wu, and C. R. Mechoso, 2014: A global perspective on CMIP5 climate model biases. Nature Climate Change, 4, 201–205, https://doi.org/10.1038/nclimate2118.
Wang, S. X., and H. C. Zuo, 2016: Effect of the East Asian westerly jet’s intensity on summer rainfall in the Yangtze River valley and its mechanism. J. Climate, 29, 2395–2406, https://doi.org/10.1175/JCLI-D-15-0259.1.
Wang, S. X., H. C. Zuo, S. M. Zhao, J. K. Zhang, and S. Lu, 2018: How East Asian westerly jet’s meridional position affects the summer rainfall in Yangtze-Huaihe River Valley? Climate Dyn., 51, 4109–4121, https://doi.org/10.1007/s00382-017-3591-3.
Wang, X., W. Zhou, D. X. Wang, and C. Z. Wang, 2013: The impacts of the summer Asian Jet Stream biases on surface air temperature in mid-eastern China in IPCC AR4 models. International Journal of Climatology, 33, 265–276, https://doi.org/10.1002/joc.3419.
Xie, Z. Q., Y. Du, and S. Yang, 2015: Zonal extension and retraction of the subtropical westerly jet stream and evolution of precipitation over East Asia and the Western Pacific. J. Climate, 28, 6783–6798, https://doi.org/10.1175/JCLI-D-14-00649.1.
Xuan, S. L., Q. Y. Zhang, and S. Q. Sun, 2011: Anomalous midsummer rainfall in Yangtze River-Huaihe River valleys and its association with the East Asia Westerly jet. Adv. Atmos. Sci., 28, 387–397, https://doi.org/10.1007/s00376-010-0111.
Yeh, T. C., S. Y. Tao, and M. T. Li, 1958: The abrupt change of circulation over northern Hemisphere during June and October. Acta Meteorologica Sinica, 29, 249–263. (in Chinese)
Zhang, Y. C., and L. L. Guo, 2005: Relationship between the simulated East Asian westerly jet biases and seasonal evolution of rainbelt over eastern China. Chinese Science Bulletin, 50, 1503–1508, https://doi.org/10.1360/982004-361.
Zhang, Y. C., and L. L. Guo, 2010: Multi-model ensemble simulated changes in the subtropical westerly jet over east Asia under the global warming condition. Scientia Meteorologica Sinica, 30, 694–700, https://doi.org/10.3969/j.issn.1009-0827.2010.05.017. (in Chinese)
Zhang, Y. C., X. Y. Kuang, W. D. Guo, and T. J. Zhou, 2006: Seasonal evolution of the upper-tropospheric westerly jet core over East Asia. Geophys. Res. Lett., 33, L11708, https://doi.org/10.1029/2006GL026377.
Zhao, Y., X. J. Yu, J. Q. Yao, and X. N. Dong, 2018: Evaluation of the subtropical westerly jet and its effects on the projected summer rainfall over central Asia using multi-CMIP5 models. International Journal of Climatology, 38, e1176–e1189, https://doi.org/10.1002/joc.5443.
Acknowledgements
We thank the three reviewers and the editor for their valuable comments, which greatly improved our manuscript. We acknowledge the World Climate Research Programme’s Working Group on Coupled Modelling, which is responsible for CMIP, and we thank the climate modeling groups listed in Table 1 for producing and making available their model output. Zhongda LIN was supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China (Grant No. 41775062) and the Youth Innovation Promotion Association (Grant No. CAS 2017105), and Yuanhai FU was supported by the National Key R&D Program of China (Grant No. 2017YFA0603802) and the National Natural Science Foundation of China (Grant No. 41675084).
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Corresponding author
Additional information
Article Highlights
• The zonal shift of the EAJ core depicts a major intermodel spread of the simulated summer EAJ climatology.
• The westward retreat of the EAJ core is related to the warmer temperature in the midlatitudes.
• The zonal shift of the EAJ core implies opposite change in the simulated rainfall climatology between East Asia and the subtropical WNP.
Rights and permissions
About this article
Cite this article
Lin, Z., Fu, Y. & Lu, R. Intermodel Diversity in the Zonal Location of the Climatological East Asian Westerly Jet Core in Summer and Association with Rainfall over East Asia in CMIP5 Models. Adv. Atmos. Sci. 36, 614–622 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1007/s00376-019-8221-z
Received:
Revised:
Accepted:
Published:
Issue Date:
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s00376-019-8221-z