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Microbiological Control of Xanthomonas Induced Bacterial Leaf Streak Disease of Wheat via Phytocompounds and ROS Processing Enzymes Produced Under Biotic Stress

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Abstract

Common wheat, consumed widely as a human food is severely affected by biotic stresses. The use of plant beneficial bacteria in the management of biotic stresses is increasing due to its abundance, low inoculant production cost and no environmental risks. This study assessed the impact of bacterial phytopathogen, Xanthomonas sp. on the performance of wheat including phytocompound production and evaluated the biocontrol potential of beneficial rhizobacteria against Xanthomonas induced bacterial leaf streak (BLS) disease. The rhizobacteria, Azotobacter chroococcum Beijerinck, Bacillus megaterium, and Pseudomonas fluorescens produced biocontrol related antimicrobial compounds (ammonia and hydrogen cyanide) and hydrolytic enzymes (cellulase and amylase). In-planta, infected plants had visible BLS symptoms which included yellowing of leaves and necrotic lesions etc. Upon foliar inoculation, Xanthomonas sp. adversely affected growth and significantly reduced dry biomass, plant length, total chlorophyll content and seed yield by 42%, 26%, 59%, and 16%, respectively, over uninfected control. The Xanthomonas infection significantly enhanced the secretion of non-enzymatic and enzymatic phytocompounds, proline, malondialdehyde and reactive oxygen species (ROS) processing enzymes, catalase, superoxide dismutase and glutathione reductase in BLS wheat. Scanning electron microscope (SEM) and confocal laser scanning microscope (CLSM) showed cellular damage in Xanthomonas infected leaf tissues. The bacterial inoculations profoundly enhanced the biological and physiological growth of stressed wheat plants but significantly declined the production of phytocompounds and the activity of the three ROS processing enzymes. These findings demonstrate that microbial antagonists, A. chroococcum, B. megaterium, and P. fluorescens, endowed with potential biocontrol activity provides a promising option for the long-term management of BLS disease, optimize wheat production and fulfil human food demands.

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Acknowledgements

AR is highly thankful to the Grant Agency of the Department of Science and Technology (DST), Science and Engineering Research Board (SERB) for providing the National Post-Doctoral Fellowship (PDF/2020/000127). AR is also thankful to Central Instrument Facility, National Institute of Plant Genome Research, New Delhi for SEM analysis and CIF, Jamia Hamdard, New Delhi for confocal microscopy analysis.

Funding

This research was funded by the Department of Science and Technology under Science and Engineering Research Board (SERB) scheme, Grant No. PDF/2020/000127. The funders had no role in the design of the experiments; in the collection, analyses, or interpretation of the data; in the writing of the manuscript, or in the decision to publish the results.

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. Department of Botany, School of Chemical and Life Sciences, Jamia Hamdard, Hamdard Nagar, New Delhi, 110062, India

    Asfa Rizvi, Rohini Chandrawal, Mohd. Hanzala Khan & Shahid Umar

  2. Department of Agricultural and Biological Engineering, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN, 47907, USA

    Bilal Ahmed

  3. Department of Agricultural Microbiology, Faculty of Agricultural Sciences, Aligarh Muslim University, Aligarh, 202002, India

    Mohd. Saghir Khan

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  1. Asfa Rizvi
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  2. Rohini Chandrawal
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  3. Mohd. Hanzala Khan
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  4. Bilal Ahmed
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  5. Shahid Umar
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  6. Mohd. Saghir Khan
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Contributions

AR: Conceptualization, proposed the topic, assisted in the performance of the experiments, writing—original draft preparation, software-formal statistical analysis, figures, tables; data evaluation and validation; Rohini, and MHK: performed the experiments; BA: writing—review and editing, graphics, SU: supervision and editing; MSK: editing whole manuscript, data evaluation. All the authors have read and agreed to the published version of the manuscript.

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Correspondence to Asfa Rizvi or Mohd. Saghir Khan.

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Rizvi, A., Chandrawal, R., Khan, M.H. et al. Microbiological Control of Xanthomonas Induced Bacterial Leaf Streak Disease of Wheat via Phytocompounds and ROS Processing Enzymes Produced Under Biotic Stress. J Plant Growth Regul 43, 601–623 (2024). https://doi.org/10.1007/s00344-023-11119-4

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