Skip to main content
SpringerLink
Log in

The development of new borate-based UV nonlinear optical crystals

  • Invited paper
  • Published:
Applied Physics B Aims and scope Submit manuscript

Abstract

The developments of nonlinear optical (NLO) crystals in the last decade are reviewed from two aspects. In the theoretical part, on the ab initio plane-wave pseudopotential energy method, calculation of the optical responses, including the second harmonic generation coefficients, a computer-program package, and a real-space atom-cutting method are described and employed to evaluate the degree of approximation of the anionic group theory for nonlinear optical crystals. The ab initio method combined with the anionic group theory gives much more insight into the understanding of the relationship between the optical responses and microscopic structures of NLO crystals, borate-based NLO crystals in particular. In the experimental part, we describe how to use the anionic group theory method and an experimental evaluation system to develop a series of borate-based UV-NLO crystals such as KBe2BO3F2 (KBBF) and K2Al2B2O7 (KABO). The capability of these new UV-NLO crystals in producing deep-UV harmonic output is evaluated and determined. Finally, recent advances in the generation of deep- and vacuum-UV harmonic output with these new NLO crystals are reported.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this article

Log in via an institution

Price excludes VAT (USA)
Tax calculation will be finalised during checkout.

Instant access to the full article PDF.

Institutional subscriptions

Similar content being viewed by others

References

  1. C.T. Chen: ‘Development of New NLO Crystals in the Borate Series’. In: Laser Science and Technology, an International Handbook, Vol. 15, ed. by V.S. Letokhov, C.V. Shank, Y.R. Shen, H. Walther (Harwood, Chur, Switzerland 1993) Chap. 1

  2. C.T. Chen, Y.C. Wu, A.D. Jiang, G.M. You: Sci. Sin. B 15, 235 (1985)

    Google Scholar 

  3. C.T. Chen, Y.C. Wu, A.D. Jiang, B.C. Wu, G.M. You, R.K. Li, S.J. Lin: J. Opt. Soc. Am. B 6, 616 (1989)

    Article  ADS  Google Scholar 

  4. L.F. Mei, C.T. Chen, B.C. Wu: J. Appl. Phys. 74, 7014 (1993)

    Article  ADS  Google Scholar 

  5. C.T. Chen, Y.B. Wang, Y.N. Xia, B.C. Wu, O.Y. Tang, K. Wu, W. Zeng, L.H. Yu: J. Appl. Phys. 77, 2268 (1995)

    Article  ADS  Google Scholar 

  6. C.T. Chen, Y.B. Wang, B.C. Wu, K. Wu, W. Zeng, L.H. Yu: Nature 373, 322 (1995)

    Article  ADS  Google Scholar 

  7. H. Qi, C.T. Chen: Chem. Lett. 30, 354 (2001)

    Google Scholar 

  8. C.T. Chen, N. Ye, B. Wu, W.R. Zeng, Q. Chen, Y.D. Zang: in Proc. Int. Symp. Laser and Nonlinear Optical Materials, Singapore, November 1997, T6.1, 103; N. Ye, W.R. Zeng, B.C. Wu, C.T. Chen: Proc. SPIE 3556, 21 (1998)

    Article  ADS  Google Scholar 

  9. N. Ye, W.R. Zeng, B.C. Wu, C.T. Chen: J. Opt. Soc. Am. B 17, 764 (2000)

    Article  ADS  Google Scholar 

  10. Y.C. Wu, T. Sasaki, S. Nakai, A. Yokotani, H. Tang, C.T. Chen: Appl. Phys. Lett. 62, 2614 (1993)

    Article  ADS  Google Scholar 

  11. Y. Mori, I. Kuroda, S. Nakajima, T. Sasaki, S. Nakai: Appl. Phys. Lett. 67, 1818 (1995)

    Article  ADS  Google Scholar 

  12. J.M. Tu, D.A. Keszler: Mater. Res. Bull. 30, 209 (1995)

    Article  Google Scholar 

  13. Z.G. Hu, T. Higashiyama, M. Yoshimura, Y. Mori, T. Sasaki: Z. Kristallogr. 214, 433 (1999)

    Google Scholar 

  14. G. Aka, A. Kahn-Harari, F. Mougel, D. Vivien, F. Salin, P. Coquelin, P. Colin, D. Pelenc, J.P. Damelet: J. Opt. Soc. Am. B 14, 2238 (1997)

    Article  ADS  Google Scholar 

  15. M. Iwai, T. Kobayashi, H. Furya, H. Mori, T. Sasaki: Jpn. J. Appl. Phys. 36, L276 (1997)

  16. R. Norrestam, M. Nygren, J.O. Bovin: Chem. Mater. 4, 737 (1992)

    Article  Google Scholar 

  17. Z.G. Hu, M. Yoshimura, K. Muramatsu, Y. Mori, T. Sasaki: Jpn. J. Appl. Phys. 41, L1131 (2002); Z.G. Hu, K. Maramatsu, N. Kanehisa, M. Yoshimura, Y. Mori, T. Sasaki, Y. Kai: Z. Kristallogr. NCS 218, 1 (2003)

    Google Scholar 

  18. D.A. Keszler, A. Akella, K.A. Schaffers III, T. Akelel: Mater. Res. Soc. Symp. Proc. 329, 15 (1994)

    Article  Google Scholar 

  19. T.K. Kwon, J.J. Ju, J.W. Cha, J.N. Kim, S.I. Yun: Mater. Lett. 20, 211 (1994)

    Article  Google Scholar 

  20. N. Bloembergen: Nonlinear Optics (Benjamin, New York 1965) pp. 5–8

  21. S.K. Kurtz, F.N.H. Robinson: Appl. Phys. Lett. 10, 62 (1967)

    Article  ADS  Google Scholar 

  22. C.G.B. Garrett, F.N.H. Robinson: IEEE J. Quantum Electron. QE-2 , 328 (1966); C.G.B. Garrett: IEEE J. Quantum Electron. QE-4, 70 (1968)

  23. C.T. Jeggo, G.D. Boyd: J. Appl. Phys. 41, 2471 (1974)

    Google Scholar 

  24. J.G. Bergman, G.R. Crane: J. Chem. Phys. 60, 2470 (1974)

    Article  ADS  Google Scholar 

  25. B.F. Levine: Phys. Rev. Lett. 22, 787 (1969); B.F. Levine: Phys. Rev. Lett. 25, 440 (1970)

    Article  ADS  Google Scholar 

  26. B.F. Levine: Phys. Rev. B 7, 2600 (1973)

    Article  ADS  Google Scholar 

  27. F.N.H. Robinson: Bell Syst. Tech. J. 46, 913 (1967)

    Article  Google Scholar 

  28. Y. Fuji, T. Sakudo: Phys. Rev. B 13, 1161 (1976)

    Article  ADS  Google Scholar 

  29. B.F. Levine: Phys. Rev. B 13, 5102 (1976)

    Article  ADS  Google Scholar 

  30. L. Davydov, L.D. Derkacheva, V.V. Duna, M.E. Zhabotinskii, V.F. Zolin, L.G. Roreneva, M.A. Somokhina: JETP Lett. 12, 16 (1970)

    ADS  Google Scholar 

  31. D.S. Chemla, D.J.L. Oudar, J. Jerphagnon: Phys. Rev. B 12, 4534 (1975)

    Article  ADS  Google Scholar 

  32. J.L. Oudar, D.S. Chemla: Opt. Commun. 13, 164 (1975)

    Article  ADS  Google Scholar 

  33. J.L. Oudar, H. Leperson: Opt. Commun. 14, 256 (1975)

    Article  Google Scholar 

  34. M. DiDomenico, S.H. Wemple Jr.: J. Appl. Phys. 40, 720 (1969); S.H. Wemple Jr., M. DiDomenico: J. Appl. Phys. 40, 735 (1969); S.H. Wemple Jr., M. DiDomenico, I. Camlibel: Appl. Phys. Lett. 12, 209 (1968)

    Article  ADS  Google Scholar 

  35. C.T. Chen: Acta Phys. Sin. 25, 146 (1976); C.T. Chen: Sci. Sin. 22, 756 (1979)

    Google Scholar 

  36. C.T. Chen, Z.P. Liu, S.H. Shen: Acta Phys. Sin. 30, 715 (1981)

    Google Scholar 

  37. C.T. Chen, G.Z. Liu: Annu. Rev. Mater. Sci. 16, 203 (1986)

    Article  ADS  Google Scholar 

  38. R.Y. Shen: The Principles of Nonlinear Optics (Wiley-Interscience, New York 1984) p. 25

  39. C.T. Chen, Y.C. Wu, R.K. Li: Chin. Phys. Lett. 2, 389 (1985)

    Article  ADS  Google Scholar 

  40. J. Liebertz, S. Stahr: Z. Kristallogr. 165, 91 (1983)

    Article  Google Scholar 

  41. R.K. Li, C.T. Chen: Acta Phys. Sin. 34, 824 (1985)

    Google Scholar 

  42. P. Backer: Adv. Mater. 10, 979 (1998)

    Article  Google Scholar 

  43. Gaussian’92, revision A (Gaussian, Inc., Pittsburg, PA 1992)

  44. P.N. Butcher, T.P. McLean: Proc. Phys. Soc. Lond. 81, 219 (1963)

    Article  ADS  MathSciNet  Google Scholar 

  45. D.E. Aspnes: Phys. Rev. B 6, 4648 (1972)

    Article  ADS  Google Scholar 

  46. E. Ghahramani, D.J. Moss, J.E. Sipe: Phys. Rev. B 43, 8990 (1990)

    Article  ADS  Google Scholar 

  47. J.E. Sipe, E. Ghahramani: Phys. Rev. B 48, 11705 (1993)

    Article  ADS  Google Scholar 

  48. C. Aversa, J.E. Sipe: Phys. Rev. B 52, 14632 (1995)

    Article  ADS  Google Scholar 

  49. S.N. Rashkeev, W.R.L. Laambrecht, B. Segall: Phys. Rev. B 57, 3905 (1998)

    Article  ADS  Google Scholar 

  50. C.G. Duan, J. Li, Z.Q. Gu, D.S. Wang: Phys. Rev. B 59, 369 (1999); J. Li, C.G. Duan, Z.Q. Gu, D.S. Wang: Phys. Rev. B 57, 6925 (1998); C.G. Duan, J. Li, Z.Q. Gu, D.S. Wang: Phys. Rev. B 60, 6435 (1999)

    Article  ADS  Google Scholar 

  51. J. Lin, M.H. Lee, Z.P. Liu, C.T. Chen, C.J. Picard: Phys. Rev. B 60, 13380 (1999)

    Article  ADS  Google Scholar 

  52. CASTEP 3.5 program developed by Molecular Simulations, Inc., 1997

  53. M.C. Payne, M.P. Teter, D.C. Allan, T.A. Arias, J.D. Joannopoulos: Rev. Mod. Phys. 64, 1045 (1992)

    Article  ADS  Google Scholar 

  54. W. Kohn, L.J. Sham: Phys. Rev. 140, A1133 (1965)

  55. P. Hohenberg, W. Kohn: Phys. Rev. 136, B864 (1964)

  56. A.M. Rappe, K.M. Rabe, E. Kaxiras, J.D. Joannopoulos: Phys. Rev. B 41, 1227 (1990)

    Article  ADS  Google Scholar 

  57. J.S. Lin, A. Qteish, M.C. Payne, V. Heine: Phys. Rev. B 47, 4174 (1993)

    Article  ADS  Google Scholar 

  58. L. Kleinman, D.M. Bylander: Phys. Rev. Lett. 48, 1425 (1982)

    Article  ADS  Google Scholar 

  59. R.W. Godby, M. Schluter, L.J. Sham: Phys. Rev. B 37, 10159 (1988)

    Article  ADS  Google Scholar 

  60. C.S. Wang, B.M. Klein: Phys. Rev. B 24, 3417 (1981); M.S. Hybertsen, S.G. Louie: Phys. Rev. B 34, 5390 (1986)

    Article  ADS  Google Scholar 

  61. Z.H. Levine, D.C. Allan: Phys. Rev. B 43, 4187 (1991); J.L.P. Hughes, J.E. Sipe: Phys. Rev. B 53, 10751 (1996)

    Article  ADS  Google Scholar 

  62. C.T. Chen, N. Ye, J. Lin, J. Jiang, W.R. Zeng, B.C. Wu: Adv. Mater. 11, 1071 (1999)

    Article  Google Scholar 

  63. Y.N. Xia, C.T. Chen, D.Y. Tang, B.C. Wu: Adv. Mater. 7, 79 (1995)

    Article  Google Scholar 

  64. Z.S. Lin, J. Lin, Z.Z. Wang, Y.C. Wu, N. Ye, C.T. Chen, R.K. Li: J. Phys.: Condens. Matter 13, R369 (2001)

  65. B. Delley, D.E. Ellis: J. Chem. Phys. 76, 1949 (1982)

    Article  ADS  Google Scholar 

  66. R.H. French, J.W. Ling, F.S. Ohuchi, C.T. Chen: Phys. Rev. B 44, 8496 (1991)

    Article  ADS  Google Scholar 

  67. Z.S. Lin, J. Lin, Z.Z. Wang, C.T. Chen, M.H. Lee: Phys. Rev. B 62, 1757 (2000)

    Article  ADS  Google Scholar 

  68. I. Shoji, H. Nakamura, R. Ito, T. Kondo, M. Yoshimura, Y. Mori, T. Sasaki: J. Opt. Soc. Am. B 18, 302 (2001)

    Article  ADS  Google Scholar 

  69. Z.S. Lin, Z.Z. Wang, C.T. Chen, K.S. Chen, M.H. Lee: Chem. Phys. Lett. 367, 523 (2003)

    Article  ADS  Google Scholar 

  70. Z.S. Lin, Z.Z. Wang, C.T. Chen, K.S. Chen, M.H. Lee: J. Appl. Phys. 93, 9717 (2003)

    Article  ADS  Google Scholar 

  71. G.L. Wang, C.Q. Zhang, C.T. Chen, Z.Y. Xu, J.Y. Wang: Chin. Phys. Lett. 20, 243 (2003)

    Article  ADS  Google Scholar 

  72. H. Hellwig, L. Liebertz, L. Bohaty: J. Appl. Phys. 88, 240 (2000); Solid State Commun. 109, 249 (1999)

    Article  ADS  Google Scholar 

  73. P. Becker, J. Liebertz, L. Bohaty: J. Cryst. Growth 203, 149 (1999)

    Article  ADS  Google Scholar 

  74. J. Liebertz: Prog. Cryst. Growth Charact. 6, 361 (1983)

    Article  Google Scholar 

  75. R. Frohlich, L. Bohaty, J. Liebertz: Acta Crystallogr. C: Cryst. Struct. Commun. 40, 343 (1984)

    Article  Google Scholar 

  76. Z.S. Lin, Z.Z. Wang, C.T. Chen, M.H. Lee: J. Appl. Phys. 90, 5585 (2001)

    Article  ADS  Google Scholar 

  77. L. Bai, Z.S. Lin, Z.Z. Wang, C.T. Chen, M.H. Lee: J. Chem. Phys. 120, 8772 (2004)

    Article  ADS  Google Scholar 

  78. Inorganic Crystal Structure Database (Fachinformationszentrum Karlsruhe, Germany, release 2003)

  79. P. Kastner, R. Hoppe: Naturwissenschaften 61, 79 (1974)

    Article  ADS  Google Scholar 

  80. D. Schuldt, R. Hoppe: Z. Anorg. Allg. Chem. 591, 199 (1990)

    Article  ADS  Google Scholar 

  81. R. Hoppe, D. Schuldt: Z. Anorg. Allg. Chem. 564, 61 (1988)

    Article  Google Scholar 

  82. D. Schuldt, R. Hoppe: Z. Anorg. Allg. Chem. 578, 119 (1989)

    Article  Google Scholar 

  83. L.A. Harris, H.L. Yakel Jr.: Acta Crystallogr. B 25, 1647 (1969)

    Article  Google Scholar 

  84. L.A. Harris, H.L. Yakel Jr.: Acta Crystallogr. 22, 354 (1967)

    Article  Google Scholar 

  85. M.J. Buerger, V. Venkatakrishnan: Mater. Res. Bull. 7, 1201 (1972)

    Article  Google Scholar 

  86. H. Jones-Bey: Laser Focus World, August, 127 (1998)

  87. C.T. Chen, Z.Y. Xu, D. Deng, J. Zhang, G.L. Wong, B.C. Wu, N. Ye, D.Y. Tang: Appl. Phys. Lett. 68, 2930 (1996)

    Article  ADS  Google Scholar 

  88. C.Q. Zhang, J.Y. Wang, X.B. Hu, H.D. Jiang, Y.G. Liu, C.T. Chen: J. Cryst. Growth 235, 1 (2002)

    Article  ADS  Google Scholar 

  89. VASP (Vienna ab initio simulation package, Nov. 2001)

  90. N. Umemura, M. Ando, K. Suzuki, E. Takaoka, K. Kato, Z.G. Hu, M. Yoshimuro, Y. Mori, T. Sasaki: Appl. Opt. 42, 2716 (2003)

    Article  ADS  Google Scholar 

  91. B.C. Wu, D.Y. Tang, N. Ye, C.T. Chen: Opt. Mater. 5, 105 (1996)

    Article  ADS  Google Scholar 

  92. C.T. Chen: Laser Focus World, February, 91 (2004)

  93. J.D. Beasley: Appl. Opt. 33, 1000 (1994)

    Article  ADS  Google Scholar 

  94. Private communications with Prof. S. Watanabe, the Institute for Solid State Physics, the University of Tokyo, Japan (2003)

  95. Private communication with Dr. Gui-Ling Wang, Institute of Physics, CAS (2002)

  96. J.H. Lu, G.L. Wang, Z.Y. Xu, C.T. Chen, J.Y. Wang, C.Q. Zhang, Y.G. Liu: Chin. Phys. Lett. 19, 680 (2002)

    Article  ADS  Google Scholar 

  97. H. Hemmati, J.C. Bergquist, W.M. Itano: Opt. Lett. 8, 73 (1983)

    Article  ADS  Google Scholar 

  98. N. Umemura, K. Kato: Appl. Opt. 35, 5332 (1996)

    Article  ADS  Google Scholar 

  99. W. Muckenheim, P. Lokai, B. Burghardt, D. Basting: Appl. Phys. B 45, 259 (1988)

    Article  ADS  Google Scholar 

  100. T. Kanai, T. Kanda, T. Sekikawa, S. Watanabe, T. Togashi, C.T. Chen, C.Q. Zhang, Z.Y. Xu, J.Y. Wang: J. Opt. Soc. Am. B 21, 370 (2004)

    Article  ADS  Google Scholar 

  101. T. Sasaki, Y. Mori, M. Yoshimura: Opt. Mater. 23, 343 (2003)

    Article  ADS  Google Scholar 

  102. S. Wu, Y.C. Wu, P.Z. Fu, C.T. Chen: in CLEO’2003, Baltimore, Maryland, USA, CWG7

  103. Y. Kagebayashi, K. Deki, Y. Morimoto, S. Miyazawa, T. Sasaki: Jpn. J. Appl. Phys. 39, L1224 (2000)

  104. T. Togashi, T. Kanai, T. Sekikawa, S. Watanabe, C.T. Chen, C.Q. Zhang, Z.Y. Xu, J.Y. Wang: Opt. Lett. 28, 254 (2003)

    Article  ADS  Google Scholar 

  105. C.T. Chen, J.H. Lu, G.L. Wang, Z.Y. Xu, J.Y. Wang, C.Q. Wang, Y. Liu: Chin. Phys. Lett. 18, 1081 (2001)

    Article  ADS  Google Scholar 

  106. C.T. Chen, J.H. Lu, T. Togashi, T. Suganuma, T. Sekikawa, S. Watanabe, Z.Y. Xu, J.Y. Wang: Opt. Lett. 27, 637 (2002)

    Article  ADS  Google Scholar 

Download references

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

  1. Technical Institute of Physics and Chemistry, Beijing Center for Crystal R&D, Chinese Academy of Sciences, P.O. Box 2711, Beijing, 100080, China

    C. Chen, Z. Lin & Z. Wang

Authors
  1. C. Chen
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  2. Z. Lin
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  3. Z. Wang
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

Corresponding author

Correspondence to C. Chen.

Additional information

PACS

42.65.Ky; 42.70.Mp

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

About this article

Cite this article

Chen, C., Lin, Z. & Wang, Z. The development of new borate-based UV nonlinear optical crystals. Appl. Phys. B 80, 1–25 (2005). https://doi.org/10.1007/s00340-004-1645-9

Download citation

  • Received:

  • Published:

  • Issue Date:

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s00340-004-1645-9

Keywords

Search

Navigation