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Preparation of zinc oxide nanoparticles modified with galactose and assessment of their cytotoxic properties

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Abstract

The work presents a method for the preparation of zinc oxide nanoparticles coated with galactose. Bare zinc oxide nanoparticles are well-known and popular drug delivery vehicles. However, the fact that zinc ions may be easily released from their structure poses a threat to the living organism. Thus, the modification of this product has been performed. Materials were obtained according to fractional design of experiments with three input parameters on three variability levels. The physicochemical properties of the new materials have been analysed. The X-ray diffraction (XRD) technique revealed the crystallographic structures of the products. Based on attenuated total reflectance Fourier transform infrared (ATR-FTIR) spectroscopy, it was confirmed that galactose has been successfully attached to the zinc oxide nanoparticles. Tunnelling electron microscopy energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (TEM-EDS) was employed to assess the shape of nanoparticles, and also to confirm the presence of galactose on the surface of the particles. The rate of the release of zinc ions from the modified products was compared to their release from the parent (non-modified) sample. In addition, the cytotoxicity and the effect of the obtained products on cell proliferation have been analysed using Chinese hamster ovary (CHO) cells. Cytotoxicity of all modified products was found to be lower than in basic material. That means that ROS generation in those innovative products contribute to cell killing mechanism to a lesser extent. It was found that the proposed technology may provide stable forms of modified zinc oxide nanoparticles with low toxicity.

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All data generated or analysed during this study is available from corresponding author on reasonable request.

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Acknowledgements

We thank National Centre for Research and Development, Poland, for the grants and financial support to this research.

Funding

This work is a part of the project “A method of producing non-toxic carriers of active substances based on nanomaterials,” supported by the National Centre for Research and Development, Poland under the agreement LIDER/20/0080/L-9/17/NCBR/2018.

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. Faculty of Chemical Engineering and Technology, Institute of Chemistry and Inorganic Technology, Cracow University of Technology, Warszawska 24, 31-155, Cracow, Poland

    Jolanta Pulit-Prociak, Anita Staroń, Olga Długosz, Katarzyna Janczyk & Marcin Banach

  2. Department of Human Nutrition and Dietetics, Faculty of Food Technology, University of Agriculture in Krakow, Balicka 122, 30-149, Cracow, Poland

    Dominik Domagała

Authors
  1. Jolanta Pulit-Prociak
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  2. Anita Staroń
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  3. Olga Długosz
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  4. Dominik Domagała
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  5. Katarzyna Janczyk
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  6. Marcin Banach
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Contributions

JPP: concept, design and writing of the manuscript, AS: analysis of physicochemical properties of obtained products, writing of the manuscript, OD: analysis of crystallographic data, DD: performing of the cytotoxic studies, writing of the manuscript, KJ: preparation of materials, MB: interpretation of the obtained results. All authors read and approved the final manuscript.

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Correspondence to Jolanta Pulit-Prociak.

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Pulit-Prociak, J., Staroń, A., Długosz, O. et al. Preparation of zinc oxide nanoparticles modified with galactose and assessment of their cytotoxic properties. Appl. Phys. A 128, 387 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1007/s00339-022-05533-w

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