Abstract
The paper is directed to all classes of optical inspection technologies that are causing a fringe pattern like output, such as interferometry, fringe projection, holography, speckle techniques. The explanations given here are also valid for incoherent fringe projection, moire, and short-coherent techniques, which are producing fringe-like output correlated with the surface structure and the surface change, respectively.
Identification of interference fringe patterns with defect type is a long-standing engineering problem with the ambiguities in cause-effect relation dominating the Cultural Heritage structural diagnosis. The ambiguities refer to fringe-pattern formation in regard to a hidden defect cause in the subsurface and the effect on the surface of the size or depth of the defect. In order to solve the concerned ambiguities, a review is made here to be confirmed a correlation of fringe pattern appearance to defect cause. The methodology is employed in the paper to achieve a generalized description of fringe morphology for a common type of inner defect as interlayer de-cohesion termed in art conservation as detachment and crack.
The objective is to provide the required concept and procedure through which the validation of any defect-indicative fringe-pattern can serve as a direct-visual-control of structural condition in artwork examination. In this context, theoretical and experimental results starting from simulation algorithms, through knowledge based experiments and experimental verification to correlation procedures and mathematical analysis are combined to allow fringe pattern generalized validation.
The result allows performing by means of modern optical metrology direct artwork documentation of structural diagnosis in complex art conservation problems. It helps to utilize it in other research objectives targeting in automated defect-recognition and multisensory technology. It helps to advance theoretical and practical routines in everyday practices of art conservation applications, to confirm the direct fringe pattern concept in a new diagnostic field, and develop associations to cause-effect relations in other art conservation problems.
Similar content being viewed by others
References
R.K. Erf, Holographic Nondestructive Testing (Academic Press, London, 1974)
C.M. Vest, Holographic Interferometry (Wiley, New York, 1979)
P. Hariharan, Optical Holography (Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, 1984)
K.A. Stetson, R.L. Powell, Hologram interferometry. J. Opt. Soc. Am. 55, 1570A (1965)
T. Kreis, Handbook of Holographic Interferometry (Wiley-VCH, Weinheim, 2005)
P.K. Rastogi, Digital Speckle Pattern Interferometry and Related Techniques (Wiley, New York, 2001)
K.A. Haines, B.P. Hildebrand, Surface deformation measurement using the wavefront reconstruction technique. Appl. Opt. 5, 595–602 (1966)
W. Osten, Digital image processing for optical metrology, in Handbook of Experimental Solid Mechanics, ed. by W.N. Sharpe (Springer, Berlin, 2008), pp. 481–563
V. Tornari, V. Zafiropulos, N.A. Vainos, C. Fotakis, W. Osten FORTH/IESL, F. Elandaloussi, A holographic systematic approach to alleviate major dillemas in museum operation, in EVA 98 Conference on Electronic Imaging and the Visual Arts, Berlin, 13–16 November (1998)
V. Tornari, A. Bonarou, E. Esposito, W. Osten, M. Kalms, N. Smyrnakis, S. Stasinopulos, Laser based systems for the structural diagnostic of artworks: an application to XVII century Byzantine icons, in SPIE 2001, Munich, 18–22 June, vol. 4402 (2001)
K.D. Hinsch, T. Frice-Begermann, G. Gulker, K. Wolf, Speckle correlation for the analysis of random processes at rough surfaces. Opt. Lasers Eng. 33, 87–105 (2000)
G. Gulker, K. Hinsch, C. Holscher, A. Kramer, H. Neunaber, In-situ application of electronic speckle pattern interferometry (ESPI) in the investigation of stone decay. Proc. SPIE 1162, 156–167 (1990)
S.G. Schirripa, D. Ambrosini, D. Paoletti, Optical methods for mosaic diagnostics. J. Opt. 29, 394–400 (1998)
P.M. Boone, V.B. Markov, Examination of museum objects by means of video holography. Stud. Conserv. 40, 103–109 (1995)
G. Gulker, K.D. Hinsch, A. Kraft, Deformation monitoring on polychrome Chinese terracotta warriors using TV-holography, in LACONA IV (1998)
W. Osten, Optical Inspection of Microsystems (Taylor & Francis, London, 2007)
W. Osten, W. Juptner, U. Mieth, Knowledge assisted evaluation of fringe patterns for automatic fault detection. In: SPIE Interferometry VI: Applications 2004, 256–268 (1993)
Z. Fuzessy, Simulation and Experiment in Laser Metrology (Academie Verlag, Berlin, 1996), pp. 209–216
Z. Füzessy, W. Jüptner, W. Osten (eds.), Simulation and experiment in laser metrology, in Proc. of the International Symposium on Laser Application in Precision Measurement, Balatonfüred, 3–6 June 1996 (Akademie Verlag, Berlin, 1996)
A. Twitto, J. Shamir, A. Bekker, A. Notea, Detection of internal defects using phase-shifting holographic-interferometry. NDT E Int. 29(3), 163–173 (1996)
U. Mieth, W. Osten, W. Juptner, Investigations on the appearance of materials faults in holographic interferograms, in Fringe 2001 (Amsterdam, Elsevier, 2001), pp. 163–172
U. Mieth, W. Osten, W. Juptner, Knowledge Assisted Fault Detection Based on Line Features of Skeletons. Physical Research, vol. 19 (Akademie Verlag, Berlin, 1993), pp. 367–373
W. Osten, F. Elandaloussi, U. Mieth, The BIAS Fringe Processor, a Useful Tool for the Automatic Processing of Fringe Patterns in Optical Metrology. Akademie Verlag Series in Optical Metrology (Akademie Verlag, Bremen, 1998)
G. Pedrini, H.J. Tiziani, Y. Zou, Digital double-pulse TV holography. Opt. Lasers Eng. 26, 199–219 (1997)
C. Thizy, M. Georges, M. Doulgeridis, E. Kouloumpi, T. Green, S. Hackney, V. Tornari, Role of dynamic holography with photorefractive crystals in a multifunctional sensor for the detection of signature features in movable cultural heritage, in Proceedings of the SPIE Conference. O3A: Optics for Arts, Architecture, and Archaeology, vol. 6618, paper 6618-28, Munich, June (2007)
M.P. Georges, V.S. Scauflaire, P.C. Lemaire, Compact and portable holographic camera using photorefractive crystals. Application in various metrological problems. Appl. Phys. B 72, 761–765 (2001)
M. Georges, C. Thizy, V. Scauflaire, S. Ryhon, G. Pauliat, P. Lemaire, G. Roosen, Holographic interferometry with photorefractive crystals: review of applications and advances techniques, in Proc. SPIE. Speckle Metrology, vol. 4933 (2003), pp. 250–255
C. Fotakis, D. Anglos, V. Zafiropulos, S. Georgiou, V. Tornari, Lasers in the preservation of cultural heritage, in Principles and Applications, ed. by R.G.W. Brown, E.R. Pike (Taylor & Francis, New York, 2006)
U. Mieth, Ph.D. BIAS Bremen, 2005
W. Osten, Digital image processing for optical metrology, in Handbook of Experimental Solid Mechanics, ed. by W.N. Sharpe (Springer, Berlin, 2008), pp. 481–563
EU-Projekt “Laserart”: non invasive laser measurement for diagnosing the state of conservation of frescoes and wooden icons, SMT4-CT96-2062
EU-Projekt “LaserACT”: laser multitask non destructive technology in conservation diagnostic procedures, ENVK4-CT-2002-00096
V. Tornari, A. Bonarou, P. Castellini, E. Esposito, W. Osten, M. Kalms, N. Smyrnakis, S. Stasinopulos, Laser-based systems for the structural diagnostic of artwork: an application to XVII-century Byzantine icons. Proc. SPIE 4402, 172 (2001). doi:10.1117/12.445660
E. Tsiranidou, V. Tornari et al., Time-dependent defect detection by combination of holographic tools, in Lasers in the Conservation of Artwork. Lacona VI Proc, ed. by J. Nimmrichter, W. Kautek (Springer, Berlin, 2007), pp. 611–620
EU-Projekt; MultiEncode: multifunctional encoding system for assessment of movable cultural heritage. SSPI-006427, 2005–2008, http://www.iesl.forth.gr/projects/multiencode/indes.html
V. Tornari et al., Multifunctional encoding system for assessment ov movable cultural heritage, in Proc. Fringe 2009, ed. by W. Osten, M. Kujawinska (Springer, Heidelberg, 2009), pp. 680–687
R. Groves, W. Osten, M. Dulgeridis et al., Shearography as part of a multifunctional sensor for the detection of signature features in movable cultural heritage. Proc. SPIE 6618, 661810-1 (2007)
R. Groves, D. Derauw, C. Thizy, I. Alexeenko, W. Osten, M. Georges, V. Tornari, Automated phase map referencing against historic phase map data, in Fringe 2009 (Springer, Heidelberg, 2009), pp. 192–196
M. Kalms, W. Osten, Mobile shearography system fort the inspection of aircraft and automotive components. Opt. Eng. 42(5), 1188–1196 (2003)
R. Groves, B. Pradarutti, E. Kouloumpi, G. Notni, W. Osten, 2D and 3D non-destructive evaluation of a wooden panel painting using shearography and terahertz imaging. NDT E Int. 42(6), 543–549 (2009)
Acknowledgements
This review is based on many different experiments and theoretical studies performed in the past years from the author and other colleagues and much of this work may have been used partly in other publications. The work was partially supported in the framework of the EU and National projects and by the TMR ULF Laser Facility and experimental work was carried out at the holography laboratories of FORTH-IESL. The numerical simulation was performed at BIAS, Bremen, and special thanks for their cooperation and stimulating discussions go to Prof. Wolfgang Osten, currently at ITO, Stuttgart- and to Dr. Ulrike Mieth and her Ph.D. on mathematical study of fringe patterns. National gallery of Athens and Dr. Michalis Doulgeridis are specially acknowledged for contribution of Rafael painting shown in this article. Special thanks also to Benaki Museum of Athens for providing the samples used in the development of the defect detection association of the holographic techniques in IESL holography lab throughout the years. The research was also partially supported from EC projects LaserACT FP6 EVK4-CT-2002-00096 (2002–2005), and Multiencode FP6 SSPI-CTOO-6427 (2005–2008). Thanks to all colleagues from Optical metrology field for the fruitful cooperation over the years, Dr. March Georges, Dr. Gerd Gulker, Prof. Hinsch, Prof. Werner Juptner, Prof. Pierre Boone, Prof. Graham Saxby, and many others.
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Corresponding author
Rights and permissions
About this article
Cite this article
Tornari, V., Tsiranidou, E. & Bernikola, E. Interference fringe-patterns association to defect-types in artwork conservation: an experiment and research validation review. Appl. Phys. A 106, 397–410 (2012). https://doi.org/10.1007/s00339-011-6695-3
Received:
Accepted:
Published:
Issue Date:
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s00339-011-6695-3