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Molecular detection and microbiome differentiation of two cryptic lineages of giant barrel sponges from Conch Reef, Florida Keys

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Abstract

The giant barrel sponge, Xestospongia muta, represents a dominant member of Caribbean reef communities. Recent microsatellite data have revealed the presence of two genetic clusters of X. muta in a monitored population on Conch Reef, Florida Keys, with a reduced abundance of one cluster among the largest individuals. Tracking changes to populations over time and their ecological significance requires rapid identification of each genetic cluster and subsequent studies of biological differences between clusters. Here, we show that single-gene barcoding detected the same intraspecific genetic variation within X. muta from Conch Reef as microsatellite data, with mitochondrial gene sequences (cytochrome c oxidase subunit I, I3-M11 partition) from 54 individuals corresponding to 4 known haplotypes within the two genetic clusters. Remarkably, mapping these haplotypes to barrel sponges worldwide revealed positioning on opposite ends of a global network, despite their sympatric occurrence. Further, we investigated whether differences in symbiotic microbial communities could be detected between the two clusters using next-generation (Illumina) sequencing of 16S rRNA gene amplicons. Both clusters exhibited highly diverse microbial communities, with 12,185 total OTUs spanning 38 bacterial and 3 archaeal phyla, but significant differences in microbial community structure (PERMANOVA; p < 0.001) and diversity (Shannon diversity index; p < 0.01) were detected between the two clusters. As sponges typically exhibit interspecific, but not intraspecific, variability in microbial communities, these findings within a sympatric population provide additional support for ecologically relevant cryptic species of X. muta.

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Acknowledgements

This research was supported by a Grant from the National Science Foundation (NSF), Biological Oceanography Program, Number OCE-1558580. We thank the staff of FIU’s Aquarius Reef Base in Key Largo, Florida for their logistical support with fieldwork. We also thank S. McMurray and M. Valentine for their assistance with specimen collection. All research within the Florida Keys National Marine Sanctuary was conducted under Permit FKNMS-2009-126-A1.

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  1. Department of Biology & Marine Biology, Center for Marine Science, University of North Carolina Wilmington, 5600 Marvin K. Moss Lane, Wilmington, NC, 28409, USA

    James S. Evans, Susanna López-Legentil, Joseph R. Pawlik & Patrick M. Erwin

  2. Ocean and Earth Sciences, University of Southampton, European Way, Southampton, SO14 3ZH, UK

    Isobel G. Turnbull

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  1. James S. Evans
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Evans, J.S., López-Legentil, S., Pawlik, J.R. et al. Molecular detection and microbiome differentiation of two cryptic lineages of giant barrel sponges from Conch Reef, Florida Keys. Coral Reefs 40, 853–865 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1007/s00338-021-02089-8

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