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Chronische Schmerzen aus psychiatrischer Sicht

Neurobiologie und Therapie

Chronic pain from a psychiatric perspective

Neurobiology and therapy

  • Leitthema
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Zusammenfassung

Epidemiologische Studien weisen auf eine hohe Komorbidität zwischen chronischen Schmerzen und einer Major Depression hin. Dies konnte für zahlreiche Schmerzerkrankungen inklusive der somatoformen Schmerzstörung, des Fibromyalgiesyndroms, Migräne und Nackenschmerzen gezeigt werden. Eine duale Diagnose ist nach wie vor selten, da Patienten typischerweise in der ärztlichen Untersuchung bevorzugt von somatischen Beschwerden berichten. Die Komorbidität spiegelt sich auch auf Hirnebene wider, da sowohl chronische Schmerzen als auch eine depressive Symptomatik über identische Strukturen vermittelt werden. Während der letzten Jahre ließ sich mithilfe moderner bildgebender Verfahren zeigen, dass sowohl psychopharmakologische als auch psychotherapeutische Verfahren, die im Rahmen der Therapie chronischer Schmerzen angewendet werden, die bestehende Dysfunktionalität dieser Hirnregionen behandeln und dadurch zu einer klinischen Verbesserung führen. Insbesondere Antidepressiva, die Serotonin und Noradrenalin im synaptischen Spalt erhöhen, sowie kognitive Verhaltenstherapie haben aus psychiatrischer Sicht einen besonderen Stellenwert in der Therapie chronischer Schmerzen.

Abstract

Epidemiological studies suggest a high comorbidity of pain disorders and major depression. This has been shown for somatoform disorder, fibromyalgia syndrome, migraine and neck pain. However, a dual diagnosis is still rare as patients predominantly report somatic symptoms during physical examination. Nevertheless, such a comorbidity is reflected on a brain systems level as chronic pain and depressive symptoms are mediated by similar brain structures. Over the past years modern imaging techniques have been able to underline the efficacy of psychotherapeutic and psychopharmacological treatment for chronic pain disorders by demonstrating a normalization of dysfunctional brain circuitries that accompanies a relief of clinical symptoms. Specifically, antidepressants increasing synaptic serotonin and noradrenalin levels as well as cognitive behavioral therapy are currently considered to be most efficient in the treatment of chronic pain from a psychiatric point of view.

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Correspondence to L. Pezawas.

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Dieser Beitrag basiert auf einem Vortrag im Rahmen des Kongresses „Die Wirbelsäule der Frau“ 2012 in Pörtschach.

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Popovic, A., Kuhn, M. & Pezawas, L. Chronische Schmerzen aus psychiatrischer Sicht. Manuelle Medizin 51, 47–52 (2013). https://doi.org/10.1007/s00337-012-1006-4

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