Abstract
In high-latitude marine ecosystems, traditional net sampling is constrained to the ice-free season, resulting in an incomplete understanding of ecosystem structure and dynamics. Using 4 years of continuous acoustic and environmental measurements from a NE Chukchi Sea subsurface mooring, we assessed fish and zooplankton abundance and behavior relative to environmental factors over a wide range of temporal scales. We applied wavelet analysis to these high-resolution, multi-year, concurrent, and co-located datasets to identify temporal scales of variability in environmental conditions and density and vertical distribution metrics for pelagic fish and zooplankton. Biological variability occurs mainly at distinct diel (24-h), seasonal (3–6-month), and annual (9–12-month) scales. Diel patterns are present throughout the year but are strongest in autumn when day-night cycles are pronounced. Seasonal variability in zooplankton metrics (3–4 months) is mainly associated with sea ice patterns that may also regulate the onset of primary production. Seasonal variations in fish metrics are associated most closely with salinity patterns (~ 3 months) and slower changes in water temperature (~ 6 months). Annual cycles in biological characteristics are influenced by year-round variations in water temperature, sea ice concentration, light irradiance, and wind. Wind and salinity-associated variability in biological metrics was observed at scales of 6–28 days. Scale-dependent biological and environmental associations vary through time and emphasize the importance of high-resolution long-term studies for comprehensive ecosystem characterizations. Our results identify necessary scales of observation in Arctic monitoring programs for improved prediction and detection of biological responses to rapidly changing environments.
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Acknowledgements
The authors would like to acknowledge NPRB for a Graduate Student Research Award, the Oil Spill Research Institute for a Graduate Research Fellowship and Fulbright-ANII for a graduate student fellowship program. We thank Caroline Bouchard and two anonymous reviewers for comments and suggestions that improved this manuscript. We thank the captains and crews of the M/V Norseman II, R/V Sikuliaq, R/V Ocean Starr, and USCGC Healy for CEO mooring turnarounds, along with chief scientists C. Ashjian, R. Hopcroft, K. Iken, R. McCabe, and P. Winsor. SLD acknowledges CEO support from AOOS grants G9046 and G11133 and NPRB projects #1426 and L36-00A (NPRB publication # 1901).
Funding
S.G received support from North Pacific Research Board Graduate Student Research Award, and Oil Spill Research Institute Graduate Research Fellowship. The Chukchi Ecosystem Observatory receives operations and equipment funding from the North Pacific Research Board via project #1426 and #19 and the Alaska Ocean Observing System via award #NA11NOS0120020.
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SG and JKH conceived and designed this study, with input from SLD. SLD provided the Chukchi Ecosystem Observatory datasets. SG processed and analyzed the data, advised by JKH and SLD. SG wrote the manuscript, JKH and SLD revised the manuscript.
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Gonzalez, S., Horne, J.K. & Danielson, S.L. Multi-scale temporal variability in biological-physical associations in the NE Chukchi Sea. Polar Biol 44, 837–855 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1007/s00300-021-02844-1
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DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s00300-021-02844-1