Skip to main content
SpringerLink
Log in

Intra-seasonal variation in foraging behavior among Adélie penguins (Pygocelis adeliae) breeding at Cape Hallett, Ross Sea, Antarctica

  • Original Paper
  • Published:
Polar Biology Aims and scope Submit manuscript

Abstract

We investigated intra-seasonal variation in foraging behavior of chick-rearing Adélie penguins, Pygoscelis adeliae, during two consecutive summers at Cape Hallett, northwestern Ross Sea. Although foraging behavior of this species has been extensively studied throughout the broad continental shelf region of the Ross Sea, this is the first study to report foraging behaviors and habitat affiliations among birds occupying continental slope waters. Continental slope habitat supports the greatest abundances of this species throughout its range, but we lack information about how intra-specific competition for prey might affect foraging and at-sea distribution and how these attributes compare with previous Ross Sea studies. Foraging trips increased in both distance and duration as breeding advanced from guard to crèche stage, but foraging dive depth, dive rates, and vertical dive distances travelled per hour decreased. Consistent with previous studies within slope habitats elsewhere in Antarctic waters, Antarctic krill (Euphausia superba) dominated chick meal composition, but fish increased four-fold from guard to crèche stages. Foraging-, focal-, and core areas all doubled during the crèche stage as individuals shifted distribution in a southeasterly direction away from the coast while simultaneously becoming more widely dispersed (i.e., less spatial overlap among individuals). Intra-specific competition for prey among Adélie penguins appears to influence foraging behavior of this species, even in food webs dominated by Antarctic krill.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this article

Log in via an institution

Price excludes VAT (USA)
Tax calculation will be finalised during checkout.

Instant access to the full article PDF.

Institutional subscriptions

Fig. 1
Fig. 2
Fig. 3
Fig. 4
Fig. 5

Similar content being viewed by others

References

  • Ainley DG (1985) The biomass of birds and mammals in the Ross Sea. In: Siegfried WR, Candy PR, Laws RM (eds) Antarctic nutrient cycles and food webs. Springer, Berlin, pp 498–575

    Google Scholar 

  • Ainley DG (2002a) The Ross Sea, Antarctica: where all ecosystem processes still remain for study. Mar Ornithol 30:55–62

    Google Scholar 

  • Ainley DG (2002b) The Adélie penguin: bellwether of climate change. Columbia University Press, New York

    Google Scholar 

  • Ainley DG (2004) Acquiring a base datum of normality for a marine ecosystem: the Ross Sea, Antarctica. CCAMLR document number: WG-EMM-04/20. Hobart

  • Ainley DG, Boekelheide RJ (1990) Seabirds of the Farallon Islands: ecology, dynamics, and structure of an upwelling-system community. Stanford University Press, USA

    Google Scholar 

  • Ainley DG, Jacobs SS (1981) Affinity of seabirds for ocean and ice boundaries in the Antarctic. Deep-Sea Res 28A:1173–1185

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Ainley DG, O’Conner EF, Boekelheide RJ (1984) The marine ecology of birds in the Ross Sea, Antarctica. Ornithol Mono 32:97

    Google Scholar 

  • Ainley DG, Wilson PR, Barton KJ, Ballard G, Nur N, Karl B (1998) Diet and foraging effort of Adélie penguins in relation to pack-ice conditions in the southern Ross Sea. Polar Biol 20:311–319

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Ainley DG, Ballard G, Barton KJ, Karl BJ, Rau GH, Ribic CA, Wilson PR (2003) Spatial and temporal variation of diet within a presumed metapopulation of Adélie penguins. Condor 105:95–106

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Ainley DG, Ribic CA, Ballard G, Heath S, Gaffney I, Karl BJ, Barton KJ, Wilson PR, Webb S (2004) Geographic structure of Adélie penguin populations: overlap in colony-specific foraging areas. Ecol Mono 74:159–178

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Ainley DG, Toniolo V, Ballard G, Barton K, Eastman J, Karl B, Focardi S, Kooyman G, Lyver P, Olmastroni S, Stewart BS, Testa JW, Wilson P (2006) Managing ecosystem uncertainty: critical habitat and dietary overlap of top-predators in the Ross Sea. CCAMLR document EMM 06–07. Hobart

  • Ainley DG, Ballard G, Blight LK, Ackley S, Emslie SD, Lescroël A, Olmastroni S, Townsend SE, Tynan CT, Wilson P, Woehler E (2009) Impacts of cetaceans on the structure of southern ocean food webs. Mar MammSci. doi: 10.1111/j.1748-7692.2009.00337.x

  • Ainley DG, Russell J, Jenouvrier S, Woehler E, Lyver POB, Fraser WR, Kooyman GL (2010) Antarctic penguin response to habitat change as earth’s troposphere reaches 2°C above pre-industrial levels. Ecol Mono 80:49–66

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Ashmole NP, Ashmole MJ (1967) Comparative feeding ecology of sea birds of a tropical oceanic island. Peabody Museum. Yale University, Bulletin 24, 131

  • Azzali M, Leonori I, De Felice A, Russo A (2006) Spatial–temporal relationships between two euphausiid species in the Ross Sea. Chem and Ecol 22(Suppl 1):219–233

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Ballance LT, Ainley DG, Hunt GL Jr (2001) Seabird foraging ecology. In: Steele J, Thorpe S, Turekian K (eds) Encyclopedia of ocean sciences. Academic Press, London, pp 2636–2644

    Google Scholar 

  • Ballance LT, Ainley DG, Ballard G, Barton K (2009) An energetic correlate between colony size and foraging effort in seabirds, an example of the Adélie penguin Pygoscelis adeliae. J Avian Biol 40:279–288

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Ballard G (2010) Biotic and physical forces as determinants of Adélie penguin population location and size. Ph. D. thesis. University of Auckland, New Zealand

  • Ballard G, Ainley DG, Ribic CA, Barton KJ (2001) Effect of instrument attachment and other factors on foraging trip duration and nesting success of Adélie penguins. Condor 103:481–490

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Ballard G, Ainley DG, Barton KJ, Lescroël A, Toniolo V, Lyver P, Wilson PR (2006) The influence of competition and physical processes on penguin foraging strategies: a study of Adélie penguins at three colonies of radically different size. 6th international penguin conference, 3–7 Sept 2006, Hobart

  • Ballard G, Dugger KM, Nur N, Ainley DG (2010a) Foraging strategies of Adélie penguins: adjusting body condition to cope with environmental variability. Mar Ecol Prog Ser 405:287–302

    Google Scholar 

  • Ballard G, Toniolo V, Ainley DG, Parkinson CL, Arrigo KR, Trathan PN (2010b) Responding to climate change: Adélie penguins confront astronomical and ocean boundaries. Ecol 91:2044–2069

    Google Scholar 

  • Bannasch R, Wilson RP, Culik B (1994) Hydrodynamic aspects of design and attachment of a back-mounted device in penguins. J Exp Biol 194:83–96

    Google Scholar 

  • Barrera-Oro E (2002) The role of fish in the Antarctic marine food web: differences between inshore and offshore waters in the southern scotia arc and west Antarctic Peninsula. Antarct Sci 14:293–309

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Baum JK, Worm B (2009) Cascading top-down effects of changing oceanic predator abundances. J Animal Ecol. doi: 10.1111/j.1365-2656.2009.01531.x

  • BirdLife International (2004) Tracking ocean wanderers: the global distribution of albatrosses and petrels. Results from the global procellariiform tracking workshop, 1–5 Sept 2003, gordon’s bay, South Africa. BirdLife International, Cambridge

  • Börger L, Franconi N, De Michele G, Gantz A, Meschi F, Manica A, Lovari S, Coulson T (2006) Effects of sampling regime on the mean and variance of home range size estimates. J Animal Ecol 75:1393–1405

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Calenge C (2006) The package adehabitat for the R software: a tool for the analysis of space and habitat use by animals. Ecol Model 197:516–519

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Chapman EW, Ribic CA, Fraser WR (2004) The distribution of seabirds and pinnipeds in marguerite bay and their relationship to physical features during austral winter 2001. Deep Sea Res Part II 51:2261–2278

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Clarke J, Manly B, Kerry K, Gardner H, Franchi E, Corsolini S, Focardi S (1998) Sex differences in Adélie penguin foraging strategies. Polar Biol 20:248–258

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Clarke J, Kerry K, Irvine L, Phillips B (2002) Chick provisioning and breeding success of Adélie penguins at becharvais Island over eight successive seasons. Polar Biol 25:21–30

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Daunt F, Benvenuti S, Harris MP, Dall’Antonia L, Elston DA, Wanless S (2002) Foraging strategies of the black-legged kittiwake rissa tridactyla at a north sea colony: evidence for a maximum foraging range. Mar Ecol Prog Ser 245:239–247

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • DeWitt HH (1970) The character of the midwater fish fauna of the Ross Sea, Antarctica. In: Holdgate MW (ed) Antarctic Ecology, vol 1. Academic Press, London, pp 305–314

    Google Scholar 

  • Donnelly J, Torres JJ, Sutton TT, Simoniello C (2004) Fishes of the eastern Ross Sea, Antarctica. Polar Biol 27:637–650

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Ducklow HW, Baker K, Martinson DG, Quetin LB, Ross RM, Smith RC, Stammerjohn SE, Vernet M, Fraser WR (2007) Marine pelagic ecosystems: the west Antarctic Peninsula. Phil Trans Royal Soc B 362:67–94

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Eastman JT, Hubold G (1999) The fish fauna of the Ross Sea, Antarctica. Antarc Sci 11:293–304

    Google Scholar 

  • Emslie SD, Patterson WP (2007) Abrupt recent shift in δ13C and δ15N values in Adélie penguin eggshell in Antarctica. Proc Nat Acad Sci 104:1666–11669

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Endo Y, Asari H, Watanuki Y, Kato A, Kuroki M, Nishikawa J (2002) Biological characteristics of euphausiids preyed upon by Adélie penguins in relation to sea-ice conditions in lutzow-holm bay, Antarctica. Polar Biol 25:730–738

    Google Scholar 

  • Fieberg J, Kochanny CO (2005) Quantifying home-range overlap: the importance of the utilization distribution. J Wild Manage 69:1346–1359

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Fischer W, Hureau JC (1985) FAO species identification sheets for fishery purposes: Southern Ocean, Vols 1, 2. United Nations, FAO, Rome, Italy

  • Flores H, van Franeker JA, Siegel V, Haraldsson M, Strass V, Meesters EHWG, Bathmann U, Wolff WJ (2009) Antarctic krill species (Crustacea: Euphausiidae) under sea ice and in the open surface layer. In: Flores H (ed) Frozen desert alive. The role of sea ice for pelagic macrofauna and its predators: implications for the Antarctic pack-ice food web. Ponsen and Looien, Germany, pp 155–179

    Google Scholar 

  • Forcada J, Trathan PN, Reid K, Murphy EJ, Croxall JP (2006) Contrasting population changes in sympatric penguin species in association with climate warming. Global Change Biol 12:411–423

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Forcada J, Trathan PN, Murphy EJ (2008) Life history buffering in Antarctic mammals and birds against changing patterns of climate and environmental variation. Global Change Biol 14:2473–2488

    Google Scholar 

  • Fraser WR, Trivelpiece WZ (1996) Factors controlling the distribution of seabirds: winter-summer heterogeneity in the distribution of Adélie penguin populations. Antarct Res Series 70:257–272

    Google Scholar 

  • Frederiksen M, Wanless S, Harris MP, Rothery P, Wilson LJ (2004) The role of industrial fisheries and oceanographic change in the decline of north sea black-legged kittiwakes. J App Ecology 41:1129–1139

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Freitas C, Lydersen C, Fedak MA, Kovacs KM (2008) A simple new algorithm to filter marine mammal Argos locations. Mar Mammal Sci 24:315–325

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Friedlaender AS, Lawson GL, Halpin PN (2008) Evidence of resource partitioning between humpback and minke whales around the western Antarctic Peninsula. Mar Mammal Sci 25:402–415

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Georges JY, Guinet C, Jouventin P, Weimerskirch H (1997) Satellite tracking of seabirds: interpretation of activity pattern from the frequency of satellite locations. Ibis 139:403–405

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Giese M (1996) Effects of human activity on Adélie penguin Pygoscelis adeliae breeding success. Biol Cons 75:157–164

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Grémillet D, Sue Lewis S, Drapeau L, van Der Lingen CD, Huggett JA, Coetzee JC, Verheye HM, Daunt F, Wanless S, Ryan PG (2008) Spatial match-mismatch in the benguela upwelling zone: should we expect chlorophyll and sea-surface temperature to predict marine predator distributions? J Appl Ecol 45:610–621

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Halpern BS, Walbridge S, Selkoe KA, Kappel CV, Micheli F, D’Agrosa C, Bruno JF, Casey KS, Ebert C, Fox HE, Fujita R, Heinemann D, Lenihan HS, Madin EMP, Perry MT, Selig ER, Spalding M, Steneck R, Watson R (2008) A Global map of human impact on marine ecosystems. Science 319:948–952

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Hilborn R, Branch TA, Ernst B, Magnusson A, Minte-Vera CV, Scheuerell MD, Valero JL (2003) State of theworld’s fisheries. Annu Rev Environ Resour 28:359–399. doi:10.1146/annurev.energy.28.050302.105509

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Hinke JT, Salwicka K, Trivelpiece SG, Watters GM, Trivelpiece WZ (2007) Divergent responses of Pygoscelis penguins reveal a common environmental driver. Oecologia 153:845–855

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Iverson SJ, Springer AM, Kitaysky AS (2007) Seabirds as indicators of food web structure and ecosystem variability: qualitative and quantitative diet analyses using fatty acids. Mar Ecol Prog Ser 352:235–244

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Jacobs SS (1991) On the nature and significance of the Antarctic slope front. Mar Chem 35:9–24

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Kato A, Ropert-Coudert Y, Naito Y (2002) Changes in Adélie penguin breeding populations in lützow-holm bay, Antarctica, in relation to sea-ice conditions. Polar Biol 25:934–938

    Google Scholar 

  • Kato A, Watanuki Y, Naito Y (2003) Annual and seasonal changes in foraging site and diving behavior in Adélie penguins. Polar Biol 26:389–395

    Google Scholar 

  • Leopold A (1949) A sand county almanac. Ballantine, New York

    Google Scholar 

  • Lescroël A, Bost C-A (2005) Foraging under contrasting oceanographic conditions: the gentoo penguin at kerguelen archipelago. Mar Ecol Prog Ser 302:245–261

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Lescroël A, Ballard G, Toniolo V, Barton KJ, Wilson PR, Lyver POB, Ainley DG (2010) Working less to gain more: when breeding quality relates to foraging efficiency. Ecol 91:2044–2055

    Google Scholar 

  • Lewis S, Wanless S, Wright PJ, Harris MP, Bull J, Elston DA (2001) Diet and breeding performance of black-legged kittiwakes rissa tridactyla at a north sea colony. Mar Ecol Prog Ser 221:277–284

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Lishman GS (1985) The food and feeding ecology of Adélie penguins (Pygoscelis adeliae) and Chinstrap Penguins (P. antarctica) at Signy Island, South Orkney Islands. J Zool 205:245–263

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • MacLeod CJ, Adams J, Lyver POB (2008) At-sea distribution of satellite-tracked grey-faced petrels, Pterodroma macroptera gouldi, captured on the ruamaahua (Aldermen) Islands, New Zealand. Papers Proc Royal Soc Tas 142:73–88

    Google Scholar 

  • MathWorks (2007) MATLAB Version 2006. The MathWorks Inc., Natick

    Google Scholar 

  • Murphy RC (1925) Bird islands of Peru: the record of a sojourn on the west coast. G.P. Putnam’s Sons, New York

    Google Scholar 

  • Nicholls DG, Robertson CJR, Murray MD (2007) Measuring accuracy and precision for CLS: argos satellite telemetry locations. Notornis 54:137–157

    Google Scholar 

  • O’Driscoll RL, Macaulay GJ, Gauthier S, Pinkerton M, Hanchet S (2009) Preliminary acoustic results from the New Zealand IPY-CAML survey of the ross sea region in Feb–Mar 2008. CCAMLR document SG-ASAM-09/5. Hobart

  • Osterblom HO, Casini M, Olsson O, Bignert A (2006) Fish, seabirds and trophic cascades in the baltic sea. Mar Ecol Prog Ser 323:233–238

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Osterblom HO, Hansson S, Larsson U, Hjerne O, Wulff F, Elmgren R, Folke C (2007) Human-induced trophic cascades and ecological regime shifts in the baltic sea. Ecosystems 10:877–889

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Pauly D, Christiansen V, Dalsgaard J, Froeser R, Torres F Jr (1998) Fishing down marine food webs. Science 279:860–863

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Perry RI, Cury P, Brander K, Jennings S, Möllmann C, Planque B (2009) Sensitivity of marine systems to climate and fishing: Concepts, issues and management responses. J Mar Syst. doi:10.1016/j.jmarsys.2008.12.017

  • Puddicombe RA, Johnstone GW (1988) The breeding season diet of Adélie penguins at the vestfold hills, east Antarctica. Hydrobiologia 165:239–253

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • R Development Core Team (2007) R: A language and environment for statistical computing. R Foundation for Statistical Computing, Vienna. ISBN 3-900051-07-0. url http://www.R-project.org

  • Ribic CA, Chapman E, Fraser WR, Lawson GL, Wiebe PH (2008) Top predators in relation to bathymetry, ice and krill during austral winter in marguerite bay, Antarctica. Deep Sea Res Part II 55(3–4):485–499

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Rodary D, Wienecke BC, Bost CA (2000) Diving behavior of Adélie penguins (Pycoscelis adeliae) at dumont d’urville, Antarctica: nocturnal patterns of diving and rapid adaptations to changes in sea-ice condition. Polar Biol 23:113–120

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Sala A, Azzali M, Russo A (2002) Krill of the Ross Sea: distribution, abundance and demography of euphausia superba and euphausia crystallorphias during the Italian Antarctic expedition (Jan–Feb 2000). Sci Mar 66:123–133

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Salihoglu B, Fraser WR, Hofmann EE (2001) Factors affecting fledging weight of Adélie penguin (Pygoscelis Adeliae) chicks: a modeling study. Polar Biol 24:328–337

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Smith RC, Domack E, Emslie S, Fraser WR, Ainley DG, Baker K, Kennett J, Leventer A, Mosley-Thompson E, Stammerjohn S, Vernet M (1999) Marine ecosystem sensitivity to historical climate change: Antarctic Peninsula. Bioscience 49:393–404

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Taki K, Yabuki T, Noiri Y, Hayashi T, Naganobu M (2008) Horizontal and vertical distribution and demography of euphausiids in the Ross Sea and its adjacent waters in 2004/2005. Polar Biol 31:1343–1356

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Tremblay Y, Cherel Y (2003) Geographic variation in the foraging behavior, diet and chick growth of rockhopper penguins. Mar Ecol Prog Ser 251:279–297

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Tremblay Y, Shaffer SA, Fowler SL, Kuhn CE, McDonald BI, Weise MJ, Bost CA, Weimerskirch H, Crocker DE, Goebel ME, Costa DP (2006) Interpolation of animal tracking data in a fluid environment. J Exp Biol 209:128–140

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Van Winkle W (1975) Comparison of several probabilistic home-range models. J Wild Manage 39:118–123

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Wanless S, Harris MP, Redman P, Speakman JR (2005) Low energy values of fish as a probable cause of a major seabird breeding failure in the north sea. Mar Ecol Prog Ser 294:1–8

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Watanuki Y, Mori Y, Naito Y (1992) Adélie penguin parental activities and reproduction: effects of device size and timing of its attachment during chick rearing period. Polar Biol 12:539–544

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Watanuki Y, Kato A, Mori Y, Naito Y (1993) Diving performance of Adélie penguins in relation to food availability in fast sea-ice areas: comparison between years. J Animal Ecol 62:634–646

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Watanuki Y, Mori Y, Naito Y (1994) Euphausia superb dominates in the diet of Adélie penguins feeding under the sea-ice in the shelf areas of enderby land in summer. Polar Biol 14:429–432

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Watanuki Y, Kato A, Naito Y, Robertson G, Robinson S (1997) Diving and foraging behavior of Adélie penguins in areas with and without fast sea-ice. Polar Biol 17:296–304

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Watanuki Y, Miyamoto Y, Kato A (1999) Dive bouts and feeding sites of Adélie penguins rearing chicks in an area with fast sea-ice. Waterbirds 22:120–129

    Google Scholar 

  • Watermeyer KE, Shannon LJ, Roux JP, Griffiths CL (2008a) Changes in the trophic structure of the southern Benguela before and after the onset of industrial fishing. Afr J Mar Sci 30:351–382

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Watermeyer KE, Shannon LJ, Roux JP, Griffiths CL (2008b) Changes in the trophic structure of the northern Benguela before and after the onset of industrial fishing. Afr J Mar Sci 30:383–403

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Weimerskirch H (2001) Seabird demography and its relationship with the marine environment. In: Schreiber EA, Burger J (eds) (2001) Biology of marine birds. CRC Marine Biology Series, 1 pp 115–135

  • Wilson RP (1984) A new improved stomach pump for penguins and other seabirds. J Field Ornithol 55:109–112

    Google Scholar 

  • Wilson RP, Wilson M-PTJ (1989) Tape: a package-attachment technique for penguins. Wild Soc Bull 17:77–79

    Google Scholar 

  • Wilson RP, Grant WS, Duffy DC (1986) Recording devices on free-ranging marine animals: does measurement affect foraging performance? Ecology 67:1091–1093

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Wilson RP, Coria NR, Spairani HJ, Adelung D, Culik B (1989) Human-induced behavior in Adélie penguins Pygoscelis adeliae. Polar Biol 10:77–80

    Google Scholar 

  • Wilson RP, Culik B, Danfeld R, Adelung D (1991) People in Antarctica—how much do Adélie penguins Pygoscelis adeliae care? Polar Biol 11:363–370

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Wilson RP, Putz K, Peters G, Culik B, Scolaro JA, Charrassin J-B, Ropert-Coudert Y (1997) Long-term attachment of transmitting and recording devices to penguins and other seabirds. Wild Soc Bull 25:101–106

    Google Scholar 

  • Woehler EJ (1993) The distribution and abundance of Antarctic and Subantarctic. Scientific Committee on Antarctic Research, Cambridge

    Google Scholar 

Download references

Acknowledgments

We thank the following persons for planning and field assistance: Peter Dilks, Shulamit Gordon, Rachel Brown and Gus McAlister. Antarctica New Zealand provided extensive logistic support for the NZ Adélie Penguin Program (K122b) through their Latitudinal Gradient Program, while the US Antarctic Program supported members from the US Adélie Penguin Program (B031). This project was funded by the New Zealand Foundation for Research, Science and Technology (C09X0510) and Office of Polar Programs, National Science Foundation (OPP 0125608, 0440643). Draft manuscripts received valuable review from the editor and three anonymous referees. Reference to trade names does not imply endorsement of these products.

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

  1. Landcare Research, P.O. Box 40, Lincoln, 7640, New Zealand

    P. O’B. Lyver & B. J. Karl

  2. Landcare Research, Private Bag 1930, Dunedin, 9054, New Zealand

    C. J. MacLeod

  3. PRBO Conservation Science, Petaluma, CA, 94954, USA

    G. Ballard

  4. Ecology, Evolution, and Behaviour, School of Biological Sciences, University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand

    G. Ballard

  5. Landcare Research, Nelson Mail Centre, Private Bag 6, Nelson, 7042, New Zealand

    K. J. Barton

  6. Western Ecological Research Center, US Geological Survey, Pacific Science Center, 400 Natural Bridges Drive, Santa Cruz, CA, 95060, USA

    J. Adams

  7. H.T Harvey and Associates, 983 University Avenue, Building D, Los Gatos, CA, 95032, USA

    D. G. Ainley

  8. 17 Modena Crescent, St Heliers, Auckland, New Zealand

    P. R. Wilson

Authors
  1. P. O’B. Lyver
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  2. C. J. MacLeod
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  3. G. Ballard
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  4. B. J. Karl
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  5. K. J. Barton
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  6. J. Adams
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  7. D. G. Ainley
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  8. P. R. Wilson
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

Corresponding author

Correspondence to P. O’B. Lyver.

Appendices

Appendix 1

See Table 5.

Table 5 Candidate models fitted to the foraging trip parameter data and best set of models identified by the model selection (highlighted in bold, based on ∆AICc threshold value <4)
Full size table

Appendix 2

See Table 6.

Table 6 Candidate models fitted to the dive parameter data and best set of models identified by the model selection (highlighted in bold, based on ∆AICc threshold value <4)
Full size table

Appendix 3

See Table 7.

Table 7 Candidate models fitted to the UD area data for the foraging, focal and core ranges and best set of models identified by the model selection (highlighted in bold, based on ∆AICc threshold value <4)
Full size table

Appendix 4

See Table 8.

Table 8 Candidate models fitted to the latitudinal and longitudinal extent of the foraging, focal, and core ranges data and best set of models identified by the model selection (highlighted in bold, based on ∆AICc threshold value <4)
Full size table

Appendix 5

See Table 9.

Table 9 Candidate models fitted to the UD overlap data and best set of models identified by the model selection (highlighted in bold, based on ∆AICc threshold value <4)
Full size table

Appendix 6

See Table 10.

Table 10 Candidate models fitted to the observed diet composition data and best set of models identified by the model selection (highlighted in bold, based on ∆AICc threshold value <4)
Full size table

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

About this article

Cite this article

Lyver, P.O., MacLeod, C.J., Ballard, G. et al. Intra-seasonal variation in foraging behavior among Adélie penguins (Pygocelis adeliae) breeding at Cape Hallett, Ross Sea, Antarctica. Polar Biol 34, 49–67 (2011). https://doi.org/10.1007/s00300-010-0858-0

Download citation

  • Received:

  • Revised:

  • Accepted:

  • Published:

  • Issue Date:

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s00300-010-0858-0

Keywords

Search

Navigation