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Does climate change influence the availability and quality of reindeer forage plants?

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Abstract

The northward and upward movement of the tree line and gradual replacement of lichens with vascular plants associated with increasing temperatures and nutrient availability may change the reindeer pastures in Northern Fennoscandia. The productivity of reindeer forage will most probably increase, but their protein (nitrogen) concentrations may decrease because of higher temperatures and CO2 concentration. In the long term, the nutritive value of forage will depend on the mineralization rate and nutrient uptake from the soil. Enhanced UV-B is likely to increase the concentration of phenolics, decreasing forage quality and choice, but reindeer may adapt to increased phenolics. Increased winter precipitation, the occurrence of ice layers, deeper snow cover, and the appearance of molds beneath the snow cover may reduce the availability and/or quality of reindeer forage, but prolongation of snowless periods might have the opposite effect. The net balance of negative and positive effects will vary regionally depending on the climate, bedrock, vegetation, reindeer herding systems and socio-political factors. Multidisciplinary research is needed most importantly on the effects of the changing winter climate on reindeer forage, and the effect of modified forage quality on reindeer physiology.

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Notes

  1. “Northern Fennoscandia” is defined here as a geographic region which includes the northern parts of Norway, Sweden and Finland, and the Kola Peninsula of Northwest Russia.

  2. An “oligotrophic tall-sedge Sphagnum flark fen” is an open aapa mire site type characterized by flark level mire vegetation with typical species such as Sphagnum balticum (Russ.) C. Jens., S. majus (Russ.) C. Jens., S. jensenii H. Lindb., and S. lindbergii Schimp. in Lindb. dominating in the ground layer and Carex limosa L., Scheuchzeria palustris L. and C. rostrata L. in the field layer.

  3. Thirty-two intensive thematic interviews were conducted with reindeer herders from Kaldoaivi and Paistunturi Herding Co-operatives located in the subarctic mountain birch woodland zone and Hammastunturi and Ivalo Herding Co-operatives located in the boreal coniferous forest zone in Finnish Lapland (Vuojala-Magga et al. unpublished).

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Acknowledgments

We thank the Arctic Research Centre of the Finnish Meteorological Institute in Sodankylä, Finland for providing meteorological data, and the Reindeer Herders’ Association in Rovaniemi, Finland for the annual statistics concerning reindeer numbers. The authors are grateful for the comments on the earlier draft given by our colleagues and the reviewers of Polar Biology.

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. Arctic Centre, University of Lapland, POB 122, 96101, Rovaniemi, Finland

    Minna Turunen, P. Soppela & F. Martz

  2. Department of Biology, University of Oulu, POB 3000, 90014, Oulu, Finland

    H. Kinnunen & M.-L. Sutinen

  3. Rovaniemi Research Unit, Finnish Forest Research Institute, POB 16, 96301, Rovaniemi, Finland

    H. Kinnunen, M.-L. Sutinen & F. Martz

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  1. Minna Turunen
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Turunen, M., Soppela, P., Kinnunen, H. et al. Does climate change influence the availability and quality of reindeer forage plants?. Polar Biol 32, 813–832 (2009). https://doi.org/10.1007/s00300-009-0609-2

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  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s00300-009-0609-2

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