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The splicing factor 1–FLOWERING LOCUS M module spatially regulates temperature-dependent flowering by modulating FLOWERING LOCUS T and LEAFY expression

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A Correction to this article was published on 03 November 2022

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Abstract

Key message

The AtSF1-FLM module spatially controls temperature-dependent flowering by negatively regulating the expression of FT and LFY in the leaf and shoot apex, respectively.

Abstract

Alternative splicing mediated by various splicing factors is important for the regulation of plant growth and development. Our recent reports have shown that a temperature-dependent interaction between Arabidopsis thaliana splicing factor 1 (AtSF1) and FLOWERING LOCUS M (FLM) pre-mRNA introns controls the differential production of FLM-β transcripts at different temperatures, eventually resulting in temperature-responsive flowering. However, the molecular and genetic interactions between the AtSF1-FLM module and floral activator genes remain unknown. Here, we aimed to identify the interactions among AtSF1, FLM, FLOWERING LOCUS T (FT), and LEAFY (LFY) by performing molecular and genetic analyses. FT and TWIN SISTER OF FT (TSF) expression in atsf1-2 mutants significantly increased in the morning and middle of the night at 16 and 23 °C, respectively, under long-day conditions. In addition, ft mutation suppressed the early flowering of atsf1-2 and atsf1-2 flm-3 mutants and masked the temperature response of atsf1-2 flm-3 mutants, suggesting that FT is a downstream target gene of the AtSF1-FLM module. LFY expression significantly increased in the diurnal samples of atsf1-2 mutants and in the shoot apex regions of atsf1-2 ft-10 mutants at different temperatures. The chromatin immunoprecipitation (ChIP) assay revealed that FLM directly binds to the genomic regions of LFY but not of APETALA1 (AP1). Moreover, lfy mutation suppressed the early flowering of flm-3 mutants, suggesting that LFY is another target of the AtSF1-FLM module. Our results reveal that the AtSF1-FLM module spatially modulates temperature-dependent flowering by regulating FT and LFY expressions.

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Acknowledgements

We are grateful to Ji Hoon Ahn (Korea University) and Ilha Lee (Seoul National University) for providing the ft-10 and lfy-12 mutant seeds. We also thank Kyung Sook Chung and A Mi Yoon for technical assistance.

Funding

Financial support for this work was provided by the Basic Science Research Program through a National Research Foundation of Korea (NRF) grant funded by the Ministry of Education (2019R1F1A1060009 to J.-K. Kim and 2019R1F1A1043700 to J.H. Lee) and a Korea University Grant (to J.-K. Kim). This work was also supported in part by a grant (PJ01532503 to J.H. Lee) from the Rural Development Administration (RDA), Republic of Korea.

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  1. Keh Chien Lee and Hee Tae Lee contributed equally to this manuscript.

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  1. Division of Life Sciences, Korea University, 145 Anam-ro, Seongbuk-gu, Seoul, 02841, Republic of Korea

    Keh Chien Lee, Hee Tae Lee & Jeong-Kook Kim

  2. Division of Life Sciences, Jeonbuk National University, 567 Baekje-daero, Deokjin-gu, Jeonju, Jeollabuk-do, 54896, Republic of Korea

    Hwa Hyun Jeong, Jae-Hyeok Park, Young-Cheon Kim & Jeong Hwan Lee

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Contributions

J-KK and JHL conceived and designed the research. KCL, HTL, HHJ, J-HP, and Y-CK conducted experiment. KCL, HTL, JHL, and J-KK analysed data. JHL and J-KK wrote the manuscript. All authors read and approved the manuscript.

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Correspondence to Jeong Hwan Lee or Jeong-Kook Kim.

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Lee, K.C., Lee, H.T., Jeong, H.H. et al. The splicing factor 1–FLOWERING LOCUS M module spatially regulates temperature-dependent flowering by modulating FLOWERING LOCUS T and LEAFY expression. Plant Cell Rep 41, 1603–1612 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1007/s00299-022-02881-y

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